BULLETIN OF THE AUCKLAND INSTITUTE AND MUSEUM No. 2 • 4 The NEW ZEALAND RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF THE FAMILY TURRIDAE With general notes on Turrid nomenclature and systematics. BY A. W. B. POWELL PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL ISSUED JULY 15, 1942. THE UNITY PRESS LIMITED, PRINTERS 1942 w. •c-v..; - - 'i \ •^v ^ r- -? >T v * .- * r- *>.,; f ? r. ' » y; &aay | -» - *? •„«••-, <-.**••!' f r/**“»■ i V; c. -i.i * ?•(' S., GjiJtSP^.T^T •'.• •» , -r ' . -^ . ,- w+ REFERENCE ONLY This book may not be taken from the Library BULLETIN OF THE AUCKLAND INSTITUTE AND MUSEUM No. 2 Reference Only This book may not be taken from the Library The NEW ZEALAND RECENT and FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF THE FAMILY TURRIDAE With general notes on Turrid nomenclature and systematics. BY A. W. B. POWELL PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL ISSUED JULY 15, 1942. PHOTO OFFSET PLATES BY WILSON -» / 7 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 CLASSIFICATION (Systematic, Keys to Sub-families and Genera) . . 26 TEXT FIGURES (Radulae, Protoconchs, Opercula and Labial Profiles) . . 37 SYSTEMATIC (New Zealand Recent and Fossil Species) Subfamily Turrinae Subfamily Turriculinae Subfamily Cochlespirinae Subfamily Conorbiinae Subfamily Clavincie Subfamily Borsoniinae Subfamily Mangeliinac Subfamily Daphnellinae Family Speightiidae Family Thotcheriidae 46 46 57 68 71 84 120 132 157 166 167 GENERA AND SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL TURRID AFFINITY . . 169 GENERA REMOVED FROM THE TURRIDAE.170 PHYLOGENY OF THE TOXOGLOSSA. ..170 STRATI GRAPHICAL RESULTS.173 REFERENCES INDEX 180 PLATES ( INTRODUCTION. The Toxoglossa, which has proved one of the most difficult gasteropod groups to classify, was founded to cover the Conidae, Turridae (= Pleurotomidae) and Terebridae, and, as the name suggests, the feature of the group is the extraordinary toxic quality of the radula. Specialised members retain only the marginals which are developed as slender teeth, frequently barbed and fitted with poison glands and ducts. A number of instances are on record of fatal consequences to humans in respect to several well known tropical Cones. All the Conid radulae so far examined are typical, but in the Turridae diversity occurs, some having the specialised toxoglossid radula of slender marginals only, others have a well developed central tooth and massive marginals, while a few retain what can only be interpreted as the prototypic radula in which both the central and lateral teeth persist as well as the marginals. Owing to the presence of typical toxoglossid dentition in both the Conidae and in some of the genera of the Turridae, several authors (Fischer, 1887, Cooke, 1895, and Thiele, 1929), have merged the latter in the Conidae. On shell characters, however, there is no great similarity between the inverted truly conic form of the Conidae and the fusiform tur- retted-spired Turridae, a striking feature of which is the well developed anal siphonal notch in the outer lip. Certainly there are a few Turrids of Conid form, and on the other hand some Cones have a well marked subsutural sinus, but these cases are due to chance resemblances only, for the Conid sinus cannot be exactly matched in the Turridae. Chance resemblance in another direction results in the extreme Pusionella so closely resembling a short-spired Terebrid that it also has suffered disassociation from the Turridae, although it can be shown that its true place is near the undoubted Turrid genus Perrona. Finally, there is the extremely shallowly sinused Mitromorpha and its allies that simulate the rachiglossid Mitras, and others such as Antiguraleus nov. (described herein) which bear striking resemblance to certain Trophons. It is inevitable that the Turridae, the most prolific gasteropod family both in genera and species, with a definite time range extending back well into the Cretaceous, and the probability of a much earlier inception, should now be represented by many and varied lines of descent. Turriculina Gregorio, 1930, if really Turrid, as stated by its author, is based upon a Liassic fossil from Sicily. I have had no opportunity, however, for verify¬ ing this important earliest Turrid record. It is futile now to attempt to link the modern forms with a single prototypic ancestral line—the early faunas are insufficiently known for this. It is possible, however, to arrange the numerous genera into phylogenetic groups and with reasonable precision to determine their position in the sequence. Classification of the Turridae has been greatly hampered by several factors, the prin¬ cipal one being that although species are exceedingly numerous, few are intertidal, and most occur sparsely, so that a range of specimens is seldom obtainable even by dredging, and hence the exchange of representative comparative material between Museums and research workers is seldom practicable. This paucity of material is reflected in the very few species that have been described anatomically. Also, Turrid form and sculp¬ ture is so conservative that it would appear on first acquaintance that genera are based upon small differences. However, when these “small differences” are investigated, they assume a greater importance, and although a large number of generic divisions are necessitated, it is only by this wholesale method that phylogenetic series are adequately segregated. 5 Another factor tending to retard a satisfactory understanding of the Tunidae is that Anothei tactoi tenant generic names have been proposed m the of the nomenclature, for a g irrespective of any taxonomic scheme, and family, far too many have een pi rigid, adherence to correct procedure hence a big percentage are Bynonyms Pnorto th< 3 n^ gene ra difficult to in type designation, action in the recognition of apply and certainly unwie y. pl totna Drillia, Mancjelia, Glyphostomp, Ctathurella, only a few stock genera ^ ^ mogt part of restricted application were used Cythara and Bela. T g irrespective of distribution; geographically, bathy- in S,„i .h, bulk of .bo Torrid .poci.o w,,« de.cribod in .hi, nrbi- metrically, 01 m _ oracies is subject to revision, tary manner the generic location of most sp^c .. Of »T.1“ Sas,™”'MF inlay, Hodley. Irod.le, Gr.nt and Onto. M.rwick ,nd Woodring merit special mention. ' Turrid genera have evolved along so many divergent lines and have resolved into so many restricted geographic groups that even this apparent superfluity of names is inade¬ quate, it has been found necessary to propose a further series m order to more crib- cally express the local fauna. Of the 362 Turrid names listed herein, 284 (including Spcighnidae and Thatchenidae) are not only valid from a nomenclature standpoint, but also appear taxonomically sound. However, when the systematics of the whole family are more critically investigated this number will doubtless be further reduced. Thirty-one new genera additional to these 284 names are proposed in this bulletin. The original purpose of this bulletin was merely to describe the New Zealand Recent and fossil Tnrridae, but the systematics of the family were found to be so confused that a general scheme of classification had to be worked out and an attempt made to evaluate the great number of genera already admitted to the family. Unfortunately, lack of space prevents the inclusion of full notes on the foreign genera except where there is a direct bearing upon a New Zealand species. In 1918, Dali in his “Notes on the Nomenclature of the Mollusks of the Family Ivirridae, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 54, pp. 313-833, provided a useful synopsis of Turrid generic names, but many were omitted and, of course, a great number have been proposed subsequently. Herein I provide an up to date list believed to be complete, in which synonyms are noted and the type species cited, together with particulars of locality and, in the the case of fossils, the geological horizon as well. This bulletin covers the descriptions of 31 new genera and subgenera and 144 new species, bringing the New Zealand Turrid fauna to the surprising total of 389 species. Two allied new families are proposed also, these covering a further five species. Of the nine Turrid subfamilies adopted or proposed herein, all are represented locally except the Clavatulinae, but this omission is not surprising, for that subfamily is mainly Recent African and European Tertiary in distribution. The earliest New Zealand Turrids are Upper Cretaceous, but since the Cretaceous genera both here and elsewhere had by then already achieved a complex divergence, so we must assume a much earlier inception for the family. The New Zealand Turridae covers 74 genera, 38 of which are precinetive, 19 occur in the Australian Recent, upper and middle Tertiary faunas, 2 have a considerable Recent 6 Indo-Pacific range, and 15 are more widely distributed, some occurring in European and North American lower and middle Tertiary horizons. These facts are particularised in the stratigraphical table on page 172. It was originally intended to include the Australian Tertiary fauna as well, for there are many new species, but this manuscript has already grown so large that the Australian section is reserved for separate publication. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This work has been made possible by the generosity of Dr. H. J. Finlay, who had contemplated the publication of a Monograph of the New Zealand Turridae, and to this end had for some years amassed a large collection of New Zealand Tertiary and Recent material, foreign genotypes and literature. All this material, contained in the Finlay col¬ lection now in the Auckland Museum, and extensive notes were made completely available. I am grateful also to Dr. J. Marwick, who generously made available all the Turrid material in the Geological Survey Office, Wellington, including some thirty undescribed species, to Mr. J. Grant, Director of the Wanganui Museum, for the loan of types; and to Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland, for the opportunity of including several species which he had already separated as new. Finally, for the careful perusal of the manuscript I am deeply indebted to both Dr. Finlay and Dr. Marwick for much helpful criticism. MATERIAL. In addition to the large amount of material in the Finlay collection and the loaned material from the Geological Survey, Wellington, I have had the added advantage of the use of the extensive collections in the Auckland Museum, my own reference loan collec¬ tion, and further notes gleaned from many sources. Notwithstanding this extensive material, there are many genotypes of which I have been unable to examine material, but as there is little probability of these becoming available in the near future, I have decided to publish, particularly as the missing data is not likely to affect materially any issues involving the New Zealand fauna. NOMENCLATURE. SYNOPSIS OF TURRID GENERIC NAMES. (Names in lighter faced type are considered to be synonyms; those in brackets were originally, or later, ascribed to the Turridae, but are no longer included in that family. New genera and subgenera proposed herein appear at the end of this list. For page references in brackets see bibliography at end of this bulletin.) ACAMPTOGENOTIA Rovereto, 1899 (p. 103) Norn. nov. for Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875; non Gray, 1825. Type (monotypy): Marex (Pleuratonia) intortus Brocchi, Oligocene to Upper Plio¬ cene of Europe. Figd. Grant & Gale 1931 (PI. 25, figs, la, lb) - Pseudotomina Finlay, 1924 (p. 515) Nom. nov. for Pseudotoma Bellardi . CONORBIINAE. ACMATURRIS Woodring, 1928 (p. 184) Type (o.d.) : A. comparata Woodring. Middle Miocene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 7, f. 12). MANGELIINAE ACRISTA Hedley, 1922 (p. 285) Type (o.d.) : Lienardia punctilio Hedley. Recent, Queensland. Figd. Hedley 1922 (PI. 49, f. 99) . MANGELIINAE ACROBELA Thiele, 1925 (p. 238) Type (o.d.) : A. optima Thiele. Recent, 463 metres E. Africa. Figd. Thiele 1925 (PI. 25, f. 19). — Microdrillia. Non Acrobela Foerster, 1862. ADELOCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 171) Type (o.d.) : A. primolevis Woodring. Middle Mio¬ cene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, f. 11) . MANGELIINAE AFORIA Dali, 1889a (p. 99) Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma circinata Dali — Pi insignis Jeff. Recent, Bering Sea to Fuca Strait, deep water. Figd. Dali 1921 (PI. 11, f. 6) .COCHLESPIRINAE 7 CLAVINAE MANGELIINAE SPEIGHTIIDAE n n i coo (n 1 ) Nom. nov. foj Ditoma Bellardi, 1877, non Illiger, 1807. AGATHOTOMA Cossmann, 1899 (p. D * Miocene & Pliocen e, Europe. Figd. Cossmann Type (monotypy) : Mangilia angusta am ■. MANGELIINAE 1S9G (PL 7, figs. 29, 30) . - • — • — . A cMot hyra Woodring. Middle Miocene, AGLADRILLIA Woodring, 1928 (p. 157) 1>P ■ . CL. Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 5, f. 7). ALICEIA Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 (p. 182) Type (monotypy) A ne pj oni Q shell, perhaps of Recent, Azores. Fig* 19K relationsilip wlth TyMia according Clavatula, according to Dali 1918, p. to Clench & Aguayo, 1939, p. 196. . i non 2911 Type (o.d.) : PI. rugosa Deshayes. Middle Eocene, Paris AMBLYACRUM Cossmann, 1889 (p. -ID ' . MANGE Basin. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 6 , figs. 31, 3 ) . TT 1099 800) Type (o d.) : Mangilia naufraga Hedley. Recent, Queens- ANACITHARA Hedley, 1922 (p. 300) DP e to J . MANGELIINAE land. Figd. Hedley 1909 (PI. 44, f. 93) . „ , co , , rp vnp / nd ) ■ a eleaans Dali. Recent, Florida Reefs and ANCISTROSYRINX Dali, 1881 (p. 53) YP ( • • - • • COCHLESPIRINAE 805 fath., West Indies. Figd. Dali 1889 (PI. 08 , f. 3) . (ANDICULA Olsson, 1929) (p. D Type (o.d.) : Surcula occidentalis Woods. Eocene NAW Peru Figd. Olsson 1929 (PL 16, figs. 7-10). (ANNA Risso, 1826) Non Amalitsky, 1922, non Malloch, 1926. Not a Turrid; ascribed to Can,haras by Dali 1918, p. 322. AWTin inura Thiele 1934 (P 1002) Nom. nov. for Clinuropsis Thiele, 1929, non Vincent, 1913. ANTICLINURA Thiele 1934 ip. u j Pa nama, 1,020 fath. Figd. Dali Type (o.d.) : Clinura monochorda Dali. Recent, ouu u ? gubfamily 1908 (PI. 13, f. 1) . ANTIMITRA Iredale, 1917 (p. 329) Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma aegrota Reeve. Recent, Singa¬ pore, 7 fath. Figd. Reeve 1845 (PI. 31, f. 276) . ANTIPLANES Dali, 1902 (p. 513) Type (o.d.) : Surcula perversa Gabb. Post-Pliocene to Recent, California. Figd. Grant & Gale 1931 (PI. 26, figs. 22, 23) . 11 ami y APATURRIS Iredale, 1917 (p. 329) Type (monotypy) : Mitramorpha expeditionis Oliver. Kermadec Is., 10-30 metres. Figd. Oliver 1915 (PI. 11, f. 36) . BORSOMINAE APHANITOMA Bellardi, 1875 (p. 241) Type (here designated) : Turbinella labellum Bellardi. (Helvetian) Miocene of Turin, Italy. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 6 , f. 4). Not Aphanitoma of Cossmann, 1883. Near Mitrithara . BORSONIINAE APIOTOMA Cossmann 1889 (p. 263) Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma pirulata Deshayes. Eocene, Paris Basin. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 5, figs. 7, 8 ) . TURRICULINAE ASPERDAPHNE Hedley, 1922 (p. 338) Nom. nov. for Scabrella Hedley, 1918, non Sacco, 1890. Type (o.d.) : Daphnella versivestita Hedley. Recent, N.S.W., Austialia. Figd. Hedley 1912 (PI. 43, f. 33) .. .. DAPHNELLINAE ASTHENOTOMA Harris & Burrows, 1891 (p. 97). Nom. nov. for Oligotoma Bellardi, 1875, non Westwood, 1836. Type (monotypy) : PL meneghinii Mayer — tuberculata Pusch. Miocene, Italy. Figd. Bellardi 1878 (PI. 7, f. 26). . Type not PI. basteroti Desmoulins, 1842, as usually cited. See Woodring, 1928, p. 197. CLAVINAE ATOMA Bellardi, 1875. Non Latreille, 1817. See Enatoma Rovereto, 1899. AUSTRODRILLIA Hedley, 1918 (p. M79). Type (o.d) : Pleurotoma angasi Crosse. Recent, N.S.W., Australia. Figd. Hedley 1922 (PI. 44, f. 38). CLAVINAE AUSTROTOMA Finlay, 1924 (p. 515). Type (o.d.) : Bathytoma cxcavata Suter. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1917 (PI. 6 , figs. 17, 18) . CONORBIINAE AWATERIA Suter, 1917 (p. 57). Type (o.d.) : A. streptophora Suter. (Waitotaran) Lower Plio¬ cene, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1917 (PI. 12, f. 19) . BORSONIINAE ? BORSONIINAE BACTROCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 174). Type (o.d.) : Cythara obtusa Guppy. Middle Mio¬ cene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, figs. 15, 16) . MANGELIINAE BATHYBELA Kobelt, 1905 (p. 2(6). Type (see Dali, 1918, p. 322) : Thcsbia nudator Locard. Recent, Europe. Figd.? Listed under Lora by Thiele 1929, p. 364. (Not seen.) BATHYCLIONELLA Kobelt, 1905 (p. 279). Type (monotypy) : PI. quadruple. r Watson. Recent, 1,000 fath. off Azores. Figd. Dautzenberg 1927 (PI. 2, figs. 8, 9) ... ? Subfamily BATHYTOMA Harris & Burrows, 1891 (p. 113). Nom. nov. for Dolichotoma Bellardi, 1875, non Hope, 1839. Type (monotypy) : Pleurotoma cataphracta Brocchi. Pliocene, N. Italy. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 6, f. 19) . TTJRRINAE 8 BEISSELIA Holzapfel, 1889 (p. 257). Nom. nov. for Koeneuia Holzapfel, 1888, non Beushausen, 1884, non Grassi, 1885. Type (monotypy : Koenenia spcciosa Holzapfel. (Senonian Upper Cretaceous, Aix la Chapelle, Prance. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 7, figs. 15, 19) _ ? Subfamily BELA Gray, 1847a (p. 276). Type (s.d. Gray 1847, p. 134) : Mur ex nebula Montagu. Recent, Europe. Figd. Forbes & Hanley 1851 (PI. 114, figs. 7-9). This is the correct genus for Mangilia auct. non Mangclia Risso, 1826. For Bela auct. non Gray, 1847, see Oenopota MANGELIINAE BELLARDIA Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 p. 88) non Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, non Mayer, 1870. See Bcllardiclla, Bcllatula and Comarmondia. BELLARDIELLA Fischer, (Dec.) 1883 (p. 594). Nom. nov. for Bcllardia Buc. Dautz. & Dollf., 1883, non Bcllardiclla Tapparone-C'anefri (July) 1883. Comarmondia Monterosato, 1884, to be used. BELLASPIRA Conrad, 1868 (p. 133). Type (monotypy) : Mangclia virginiana Conrad. (York- town) Upper Miocene, Virginia. Figd. Bartscli & Rehder 1939 (PI. 17, f. 6) _MANGELIINAE BELLATULA Strand, 1928 (p. 39). Nom. nov. for Bcllardiclla Fischer, 1883 (Dec.), non Tappar- one-Canefri, 1883 (July). See Comarmondia. BELOMITRA Fischer, 1882 (p. 592). Type (monotypy) : B. paradoxa Fischer. Recent, 627 metres, Atlantic. Figd.? . ? Subfamily BELOPHOS Cossmann, 1901 (p. 162). Type (o.d.) : Bela zvoodsi Tate. (Janjukian) Lower Mio¬ cene, Tasmania, Figd. Cossmann 1901 (PI. 6, figs. 9, 10) . CONORBIINAE BENTHOFASCIS Iredale, 1936 (p. 319). Type (o.d.) : Bathytoma sarcimda Hedley. Recent, N.S.W., Australia. Figd. Hedley 1922 (p. 357, f. 15). DAPHNELLINAE BENTHOMANGELIA Thiele, 1925 (p. 224). Type (monotypy) : Surcula trophonoidca Schepman. Recent, Malay Archipelago. Figd. Thiele 1925 (PI. 27, f. 24) . ? Subfamily BORSONELLA Dali, 1908 (p. 258). Type (o.d.) : Borsonia dalli Arnold. Pliocene-Recent, Cali¬ fornia. Figd. Oldroyd 1927 (PI. 6, f. 8). BORSONIINAE BORSONIA Bellardi, 1839 (p. 30). Type (monotypy) : B. prima Bellardi. (Helvetian) Miocene, Turin, Italy. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 6, figs. 18, 20) . BORSONIINAE BRACHYCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 175). Type (o.d.) : Cythara gibba Guppy. Middle Mio¬ cene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, f. 18) . MANGELIINAE BRACHYTOMA Swainson, 1840 (pp. 154, 314). Type (s.d. Herrmannsen, 1846, p. 121) : p\ % strombiformis Sowerby. Recent, Bay of Panama. Figd. Sowerby 1842 (f. 381) .CLAVINAE BREPHODRILLIA Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 (p. 47). Type (o.d.) : B. pcrfectus P. & L. Recent, W. Mexico, 20 fatli. Figd. Pilsbry & Lowe 1932 (PI. 2, figs. 7, 8 & text fig. 1, p. 47) .... CLAVINAE BUCHEMA Corea, 1934 (p. 1). Type (o.d.) : B. tainoa Corea. Recent, Puerto Rican Deep. Figd. C’orea 1934. As subgenus of Carinodrillia . CLAVINAE BUCHOZIA Bayan, 1873 (p. 113). Nom. nov. for Etallonia Deshayes, 1862, non Oppel, 1861. Type (s.d. Dali, 1918, p. 326, not p. 323) : E. prisca Deshayes. Palaeocene, France. CACODAPH NELLA Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 (p. 58). Type (o.d.) : C. delgada P. &. L. Recent, Nicaragua. Figd. Pilsbry & Lowe 1932 (PI. 4, f. 8) . DAPHNELLINAE (CALLIOTECTUM Dali, 1889). Type (o.d.) : C. vcrnicosum Dali. Referred to Vohitidac on evi¬ dence of the radula by Dali 1918, p. 321. CALVATULA Preston, 1912. Zool. Rec. 49, Moll. p. 61. Typ. error for Clavatula. CAMPYLACRUM Finlay & Marwick, 1937 (p. 86). Type (o.d.) : C. sanum F. & M. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous, N.Z. Figd. Finlay & Marwick 1937 (PI. 12, figs. 3, 4) . TURRINAE CANDELABRUM Dali, 1878, non Blainville, 1830. See Ancistrosyrinx. CARINAPEX Dali, 1924 (p. 88). Type (o.d.) : Drillia minutissima Garrett, 1873. Recent, Hawaii (type “Viti Is.”). Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 12, f. 29). Proposed as subgenus of Daphnobela Cossmann. CARINODRILLIA Dali, 1919 (p. 17). Type (o.d.) : C l at hr o drillia (C.) kalis Dali. Recent, Lower California. Figd. Dali 1919 (PI. 5, f. 4) . CLAVINAE CATENOTOMA Cossmann & Pissaro, 1900 (p. 39). Type (o.d.) : Surcula catenata Lamk. Eocene, Paris Basin. Figd. Cossmann & Pissaro 1900 (PI. 3, figs. 11, 12) . TURRICULINAE CERITOTURRIS Dali, 1924 (p. 88). Type (o.d.) : C. bittium Dali. Recent, Hawaiian Is. Un¬ figured, proposed as a subgenus of Crassispira. 9 , , _ Aon . 10 „v Tvnp rod) : C claPPi B - & R - Receilt > Florida. CERODRILLIA Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 (p. 12<)- Yl • • . CLAVINAE Figd. Bartsch & Rehder 1939 (PI. 17, f. .. (CHAUVETIA Monterosato, 1884, (P. 137,. Nom.nov. for A cancellate Anachis according to Dali 1918, p. 323. feee aiso Pyrcnidae. „ „ . ' , . iooi Tvne (bv virtual tautonomy, see Grant & Gale 1931, p. CIRILLIA Monterosato, 1884 (p. lo3). type toy Forbes fr Hanlev 609) : PI linearis Montagu. Recent, Mediterranean to Britain. Hgd. *o»bes & Hanley 1851 (PI. 114, figs. 1-3). Non CiriUia Rondaui, 1856. Probably equals Plulbert.a. CLAMTURRIS Iredale, 1931 (p. 226). Type cnnunn . OOTOMELLA Bartsch, 1933 (p. 76) nom. nov. for Ootoma Koperberg 1931, non Dejean 1833, non Blanchard, 1850. ORTHOSURCULA Casey, 1904 (p. 151). Type (s.d. Gardner 1935) : PI. longiforma Aldrich. Eocene, Mississippi. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 9, f. 25) . fURRICULINAE OTITOMA Jousseaume, 1898 (p. 106). Type (tautonomy) : Q. ottitoma Jousseaume. Recent, Red Sea. Unfigured, status uncertain, see Woodring 1928, p. 189. OXYACRUM Cossmann, 1889 (p. 274). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma obliterata Deshayes. Eocene, Paris Basin. Figd. Cossmann & Pissaro 1900 (PI. 6, f. 31 “cf. obliterata”). PACHYCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 174). Type (o.d.) : P. cryptonata Woodring. Middle Mio¬ cene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, f. 17) . MANGELIINAE PARABORSONIA Pilsbry, 1922 (p. 325). Type (o.d.) : Mitra varicosa Sowerby. Miocene, Do¬ minican Republic. Figd. Pilsbry 1922 (PI. 17, figs. 19-21) . BORSONIINAE PARACLATHURELLA Boettger, 1895 (p. 56). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma gracilcnta Reeve. Recent, Philippine Is. Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. 14, f. 114) . MANGELIINAE PARASYRINX Finlay, 1924 (p. 514). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma alta Harris. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1914 (PI. 2, f. 12). COCHLESPIRINAE PERATOTOMA Harris & Burrows, 1891 (p. 113), nom. nov. for Homotoma Bellardi, 1875, non Guerin Mdn<§ville, 1844. Homotoma Bellardi covered two species, //. reticulata (Renier) and H. semicostata Bellardi. No type was designated. The selection of reticulata would make Peratotoma a synonym of Philbcrtia Monterosato, 1884. Woodring 1928, p. 188, left open the matter of type designation. Pleurotoma reticulata (Renier). Recent, Mediter¬ ranean. Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. 15, f. 122). I have not seen semicostata Bellardi. PER RON A Schumacher, 1817 (pp. 66, 218). Type (monotypy) : Perroua tritomum Sebum. - Murex perron Chemnitz — Pleurotoma perronii Reeve. Recent, West Africa. Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. 11, f. 93) . CLAVATULINAE PERRONIA Gray 1841 is a misprint for Perroua Schumacher 1817. PHANDELLA Casey, 1903. Type (monotypy) : P. nepionica Casey. Upper Vic'ksburgian, U.S.A. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 14, f. 26). PHENATOMA Finlay, 1924 (p. 515). Type (o.d.) ’.Pleurotoma no-eac-zelandiae Reeve. Recent, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1915 (PI. 46, f. 23) . CLAVINAE PHILBERTIA Monterosato, 1884 (p. 132). Type (tautonomy) : Pleurotoma philberti Michaud. Re¬ cent, Mediterranean (in synonymy of Pleurotoma bicolor Risso). Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. )(; f j 29) . DAPHNELLINAE PHLYCTAWNJA Cossmann, 1889 (p. 245). Type: Borsonia nodularis Deshayes. Eocene, Paris Busin. Non Plilyclacniu Iluebnor, 1825. PHLYCTIB Harris & Burrows, >891 (p. 113) nom. nov. for Phlyctaenia Cossmann, 1S89, non Huobner, 1825 Cordieria Rouault (Dali 1918, p. 330. (PHOLIDOTOMA CoHsrmum, 1896). Not a Turrid = Polutidae. See Dali 191S, p. 330. PH /MORHYNCHUS Hall. 1908 (i>. 258). Typo (o.d.) : Pleurotomclla castanea Dali. Recent, E of Galapagos la. 1,322 fath. Figd. Dull 1908 (PI. 1. f. 1). A synonym of Steirasis according to Grant & Gale 1931, p. 509 . COCHLESPIRINAE PI AGIOB fUOPHA Molvlll, 1927 (p. 151). Type (monotypy): l\ quintuples Melvill. Locality unknown Figd, Melville 1927 (PI. 12, L 5). ? Subfamily. IS PLATYCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 172). Type (o.d.) : p, eurystoma Woodring. Middle Mio¬ cene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, f. 13) ... MANGELIINAE PLENTARIA Harris, 1937 (p. 59). Type (o.d.) : PL (Borsonia) plenta Aid. & Har. 1895. (Clai- bornian) Middle Eocene, Texas. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 11, figs. 2, 3, 3a) .BORSONIINAE PLEUROBELA Kobelt, 1905 (p. 301). Type (monotypy) : B. spelta (Monterosato) Locard. Re¬ cent, Europe. Figd. ? (Not seen.) PLEUROFUSIA de Gregorio, 1890 (p. 33). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma (P.) longirostropis de Gregorio. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, Alabama. Figd. de Gregorio 1890 (PI. 2, figs. 26 > 2? ) ... TURRICULINAE PLEUROLIR!A de Gregorio, 1890 (p. 38). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma (P.) supraminfica de Gregorio. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, Alabama. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 1, figs. 5, a, b) TURRINAE PLEUROPYRAMIS Vredenburg, 1921 (p. 126). Type (monotypy ) : Mangilia (Clathurella) quin- queangulans Vred. (Kama — Aquitanian) Lower Miocene, Burma. Figd. Vredenburg 1921 (PI. 14, f. 8) . ? BORSONIINAE PLEUROTOMA Lamarck, 1799. Type (monotypy) : Mur ex babylonius Linn. Equals Turns Bolten, 1798 . TURRINAE PLEUROTOMELLA Verril, 1873 (p. 15). Type (monotypy) : P. packardi Verrill. Recent, N.E. coast U.S. America. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 29, f. 59) . ? MANGELIINAE PLELTROTOMINA Beck, 1847. According to Grant & Gale, 1931, pp. 512-513, this name was not published in a generic sense, but as a group name for small Turrids. Dali, 1918, p. 330, cited the name as “New name for Defrancia Millet not Bronn. Bela impressa Moerch, sole species.” Pleurotomina Beck, 1847, was not proposed as a new name for Defrancia and Pleurotoma (Ischmtla) impressa Moerch was not described until 1869. A nomen dubium. PLEUROTOMOIDES Bronn, 1831 (p. 47). Norn. nov. for Defrancia Millet, 1827, non Defrancia Bronn 1825. See Iredale 1917, p. 326, & Woodring, 1928, p. 187. Type (s.d.) Dali 1908, p. 260) : Defrancia pagoda Millet. Miocene, Italy. Figd. Millet 1827 (PI. 9, f. 1). ?Sub- family. Note: Dali (1908, p. 260) designated pagoda Millet as genotype of both Clathurella and Defrancia, since the former was published as a nom. nov. for Defrancia. PLEUROTOMUS Montfort, 1810 (= Turris Bolten, 1798). POLYSTIRA Woodring, 1928 (p. 145). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma albida Perry. Recent, West Indies. Figd. M. Smith 1937 (PI. 52, figs. 15a, 15b as “Turris virgo Wood” . TURRINAE PONTIOTHAUMA E. A. Smith, 1895 (p. 2). Type (o.d. see p. 3, line 20) : P. mirabile Smith. Recent, 753 fath., Bay of Bengal. Figd. Smith 1895 (PI. 1, f. 1) .DAPHNELLINAE PRISCOFUSUS Conrad, 1865b (p. 150). Type (s.d. Cossmann, 1901, p. 8) : Pus us geniculus Con¬ rad. “Eocene,” Oregon, U.S.A. — Miocene. Referred to Turridae with some doubt by Grant & Gale 1931, pp. 490-492. Figd. Wilkes 1849 (PI. 20, f. 3) . ? CONORBIINAE PROPEBELA Iredale, 1918 (p. 32). Type (o.d.) : Mure.x turricula Montagu. Recent, British Isles and N. Europe. Figd. Forbes & Hanley 1851 (PI. Ill, figs. 7, 8) . BORSONIINAE PROTOSURCULA Casey, 1904 (p. 144). Type (o.d.) : PI, gabbi Conrad. Eocene, Texas. Figd. Cossmann 1906 (PI. 14, f. 22) . TURRICULINAE PSE U DODAPHNELLA Boettger, 1895 (p. 58). Type (o.d.) : Clathurella philippinensis Reeve. Re¬ cent, Philippine Is. Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. 13, f. 109) . DAPHNELLINAE PSEUDODRILLIA Dukooizen, 1924 (p. 67) “longa, arabica, & abnormalis.” Eocene, Turkestan. Type ? See Zool. Rec. for 1925, 62, Moll. p. 68. (Not seen.) PSEUDOMATA von Martens, 1901 (p. 19) “Pleurotoma (Pseudomata) chuni.” “Pseudomata” is a misprint for Pseudotoma , as later explained by Martens & Thiele 1903, p. 86. The species chuni is a Pontiothauma. PSEUDOMELATOMA Dali, 1918a (p. 317). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma pcnicillata Carpenter. Recent, California. Figd. Grant & Gale 1931 (PI. 26, f. 5) . ? TURRICULINAE PSEUDORAPHITOMA Boettger, 1895 (p. 56). Type (o.d.) : Mongolia fairbanki Nevill. Recent, Indian Ocean. Figd. Hedley, 1922 (PI. 51, figs. 127-129) . MANGELIINAE PSEUDOTOMA Bellardi, 1875, non Pseudotoma Gray, 1825, non Pseudotomia Stephens, 1829. See Acamptogenotia. PSEUDOTOMINA Finlay 1924 (p. 515), nom. nov. for Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875. (See Acampto¬ genotia.) 19 PTYCHOBELA Thiele, 1925 (p. 215). Type (o.d.) : Pi crenularis Lamarck. Recent, Tranquebar Figd. Reeve 1843 (PI. 7, f. 54) & Kiener 1839-40 (PL 19, f. 2) . CLA\ INAL PTYCHOSYRINX Thiele, 1925 (p. 210). Type (o.d.) : Pi bisinuata Martens. Recent, E. Africa, 1,134 fath. Figd. Thiele, 1929 (t. 43/, p. .. PUHA Marwick, 1931 (p. 149). Type (o.d.) : P. fulgida Marwick. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, KUMA ividiNMLK X ly / , p] 1R f . DAPHNELLINAE N.Z. Figd. Marwick 1931 (PL 16, 1. oiz) . PUSiONELLA Gray, 1847 (p. 137). Type (o.d.) : Mur ex pusio Born. = P. mfat (Adanson) Brag Recent N Africa & Mediterranean. Figd. Grant & Gale 1931 (Pl. 25, figs. 12a, . CLAVATULINAE PYRGOCYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 171). Type (o.d.) : P. eminula Woodring. Middle Miocene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PL 6, f. 12). MANGELIINAE RAPHITOMA Bellardi 1848. Type (s.d. Monterosato 1875) : Pleurotoma hystrix Jan. Pliocene-Re¬ cent, Mediterranean. Figd. Harmer 1915 (Pl. 28, figs. 24, 25) .MANGELIINAE RHOMBOPSIS Gardner, 1916 - Neptunella Meek, 1864 non Gray, 1853. Type: fusus newberryi Meek & Hayden. Upper Cretaceous, Missouri. May be a Turrid according to Finlay & Marwick, 1937, p. 84 . - CONORBIINAE RIMOSODAPHNELLA Cossmann, 1915 (sic Rimoso dalphnella) (p. 229). Type (o.d.) : Mur ex tevtilis Br. (Plaisancien) Lower Pliocene, Italy. Figd. Cossmann, 1915 (Pl. 11, f. 24, 25) DAPHNELLINAE RISSOMANGILIA Monterosato, 1917. Type (see Dali 1918) : Pleurotoma bertrandi Pay. Recent, Mediterranean. A synonym of Cytharclla (Citharella, typ. error) according to Thiele 1929, p. 366. ROUAULTIA Bellardi, 1878. Type: Pi subterebralis Bellardi & Sismonda. Resembles Gemmula. Grant & Gale (1931, p. 505) synonymise this with Cochlcspira, but the sinus is on the shoulder in that genus). Figd. Cossmann 1896 (Pl. 6, figs. 16, 17). RUBELLATOMA Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 (p. 130). Type (o.d.) : Mongolia rubella Kurtz & Stirnp- son. Recent, N. Carolina to Florida. Figd. ? . MANGELIINAE RUGOBELA Finlay, 1924 (p. 514). Type (o.d.) : Ptychatractus tenuiliratns Suter. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1917 (Pl. 7, f. 2) . DAPHNELLINAE RUSCULA Casey, 1904 (p. 161). Type (o.d.) : Fusus plicata Lea. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. SACCHAROTURRIS Woodring, 1928 (p. 182). Type (o.d.) : Mangilia consentanea Guppy. Middle Miocene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PL 7, f. 11) . MANGELIINAE (SAVATIERIA Rochbrune & Mabille, 1885). Although referred to the Turridae by its authors, Dali (1918, p. 331) considers it an Anachis. Pyrenidae. SCABRELLA Hedley, 1918 (p. M79) non Scabrclla Sacco, 1890. (See Asperdaphne nom. nov. for Scabrella Hedley.) SCOBINELLA Conrad, 1848 (p. 120). Type (monotypy) : Scobinella coelata C’onrad. Upper Oligo- cene, Mississippi. Figd. Conrad 1848 (Pl. 12, figs. 8, 9) . BORSONIINAE SCRINIUM Hedley, 1922 (p. 259). Type (o.d.) : Mitromorpha brazieri Smith. Recent, N.S.W., Australia. Figd. Smith 1891 (Pl. 40, f. 2). BORSONIINAE SINISTRELLA O. Meyer, 1887. Type: “Triforis” americanus Aldrich. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. Regarded by Cossmann (1896) as a sinistral form of Trypanotoma 1893. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (Pl. 7, figs. 22, 23). SMITHIA Monterosato, 1884 (p. 128). Type (monotypy) : Pl. striolata Scacclii non Risso. Recent- Mediterranean. Figd. Reeve 1846 (PL 35, f. 320), non Smithia Maltzan 1883, non Edwards & Haime, 1851. See Smithiellia. SMITHIELLIA Monterosato, 1890 (p. 186), nom. nov. for Smithia Monterosato, 1884, non Maltzan, 1883, etc. Apparently a synonym of Bela . MANGELIINAE (SPEIGHT1A Finlay, 1926) (p. 252). Type (o.d.) : Euthriojusus spinosus Suter. (Bortonian) Eocene, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1917 (Pl. 4, figs. 1, 2) . SPEIGHTIIDAE SPERGO Dali, 1895 (p. 680). Type (s.d. Dali, 1918, p. 331) : A. glandiniformis Dali. Recent, Hawaii, 298-375 fath. Figd. Dali, 1895 (PL 24, figs. 1 & 2) . DAPHNELLINAE SPIROTROPIS G. O. Sars, 1878 (p. 242). Type (monotypy) : S. carinata Philippi. Recent, Nor¬ way to Azores. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PL 5, figs. 26, 27). ? Subfamily. 20 SPLENDRILLIA Hedley, 1922 (p. 250). Type (o.d.) : Drillia woodsi Beddome, 1883. Recent, Tas¬ mania. Figd. May 1923 (PI. 35, f. 19) . CLAVINAE STEIRAXIS Dali, 1895 (p. 15). Type (o.d.) : PI. (Stciraxis) aulaca Dali. Recent, Gulf of Panama, 1,7*2 fath., to Acapulco, Mexico, 1,879 fath. Figd. Dali 1908 (PI. 2, fig. 5) .. . COCTILESPIRINAE STEI RONE PI ON Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 (p. 67). Type (o.d.) : “Mangclia” melanosticta P. & L. Figd. Pilsbry & Lowe 1932 (PI. 3, f. 9). Recent, Nicaragua. MANGELIINAE A Baitsch & Rehder, 1939 (p. 132). Type (o.d.) : Mangclia stellata Stearns. Recent, Florida. Figd. ? . MANGELIINAE STILLA Finlay, 192(5 (p. 254). Type (o.d.) : Mangilia flexicostata Suter. Recent, N.Z. Figd. Suter 1899 (PI. 3, figs. 3, 32) . DAPHNELLINAE STROMBINA Gregorio, 1890 (p. 25). Type ? (See Dali 1918, p. 331) : PI. stromboides Lamarck. (Claiborman) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. Non Strombina Moerch, 1852. Equals Gemmula according to Dali, 1918, p. 331. STRUTHIOLARIOPSIS Wilckens, 1904. Type: Fusus ferrieri Philippi. Senonian (Cretaceous) Chile. (See Marwick 1924, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 161). SUAVODRILLIA Dali, 1918a (p. 331). Type (o.d.) : Drillia kennicottii Dali. Recent, Alaska. Figd. Oldroyd 1927 (PI. 6, f. 5) . COCHLESPIRINAE SUBULATA von Martens 1901 (p. 82). Used by Martens as of Anton 1839 for PI. bisinuata von Martens, but Anton did not use name in a nomenclatorial sense. See Dali 1918, p. 331. Martens’ PI. bisinuata was later (Thiele 1925, p. 210) made genotype of Ptvchosvrinv Thiele 1925. SURCULA H. & A. Adams, 1853 (p. 88). Type (s.d. Cossmann 1889, p. 259) : Pleurotoma nodifera Lamarck — Mu rex jar anus Linn. Synonym of Turricula Schum. 1817. Recent, East Indies. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 5, f. 63). SURCULINA Dali, 1908 (p. 260). Type (o.d.) : Daphnella (Surculina) blanda Dali. Recent, off Cocos Id., Gulf of Panama, 1,067 fath. Figd. Dali 1908 (PI. 3, f. 1). Subgenus of Lcucosyrinx according to Grant & Gale 1931, p. 509) . COCHLESPIRINAE SURCULITES Conrad, 1865a (p. 213). Type (monotypy) : Snrcula annosa Conrad. Eocene, New Jersey. Doubtfully Turrid according to Wiigley, 1939. Figd. Conrad 1865 (PI. 20, f. 9). Associated with Cryptoconus, Mcgasurcula & Clinura by Grant & Gale 1931, pp. 492-495. CONORBIINAE SURCULOFUSUS Vincent, 1895. For two new species, bruxcllcnsis & odontotus Vincent. Type?. Eocene, Belgium. SURCULOMA Casey, 1904 (p. 153). Type (o.d.) : PI. tabulata Conrad. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. Figd. Cossmann 1906 (PI. 14, figs. 14, 15). SYNTOMODRILLIA Woodring, 1928 (p. 160). Type (o.d.) : Drillia lissotropis Dali. Recent, West Indies, 73-290 fath. Figd. Dali, 1889 (PI. 11, figs. 3, 4) . CLAVINAE SYSTENOPE Cossmann, 1889 (p. 293). Type (o.d.) : Raphitoma polycolpa Cossmann. Eocene, Paris Basin. (Cossmann later, 1896, considered Systcnope a synonym of Plcurotornclla Verrill. Needs confirmation.) TARANIS Jeffreys, 1870 (p. 447). Type (monotypy) : T. morchi Malm. Recent, Norway to Mediterranean, Atlantic coast of U.S.A. to Gulf of Mexico. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 29, f. 66). Related to Hemipleurotoma according to Grant & Gale, 1931, p. 572 . TURRINAE TELEOCHILUS Harris, 1897 (p. 64). Type (o.d.) : Daphnella gracillima Tenison-Woods. Janju- kian) Lower Miocene, Tasmania. Figd. Harris 1897 (PI. 3, f. 12 — n. sp. closely allied to genotype). TENATURRIS Woodring, 1928 (p. 185). Type (o.d.) : Cythara guppyi Dali. Middle Miocene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 7, f. 16). MANGELIINAE TEREBRITOMA Cossmann, 1892 (p. 773). Type (o.d.) : Mangclia solitaria Whitfield. Cretaceous of Syria. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (p. Ill, f. 26). TERES Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 (p. 86), non Teres Boettger, 1878. See Teretia. TERETIA Monterosato, 1890 (p. 187), noin. nov. for Teres B. D. & D., non Boettger 1878. Type (o.d.) : PI. anceps Eichwald. Recent, Norway to Mediterranean. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 18, f. 39) . ? Subfamily (THATCHERIA Angas, 1877) (p. 529). Type (monotypy) : T. mirabilis Angas. Recent, Japan. Figd. Angas 1877 (PI. 54, figs, la, lb) . THATCHERIIDAE THELECYTHARA Woodring, 1928 (p. 173) Type-(ad.)i : Cythara mua-onata Onppy. Miocene, Jamaica. Figcl. Woodring 1928 (PI. 6, f. ) . THESE,A Jeffreys, 1867 (p. 359). Type (monotypy ^ Europe to Orkney Is., etc. Figd. Forbes & Hanley 1851 (l l. i- > THETIDOS Hedley, 1899 (p. 472) Type, (o.d.) : T. morsura Hedley. Recent, S. Pacific. Figd. Hedley, 1899 (f. 42, p. 47o). THOLITOMA Finlay & Marwick, 1937 (p. 85). Type (o.d.) : 7. J ol °ji os ? F ' & M ' ^^RRICULIN^E Upper Cretaceous, N.Z. Figd. Finlay & Marwick 1937 (PL 12, figs. 6, 7, 11) .. TLRR CL TOMELLA Swainson, 1840 (pp. 155, 314). Type (s.d. Hernnannsen 1849, p. 519) \ PL Imeata Lamarck. Recent, West Africa. Figd. Kiener 1839-40. A syn. of Pcrrona. Preoccupied by Tomella Robineau Desvoidy, 1830. TOMOPLEURA Casey, 1904 (p. 138). Type (o.d.) : PI. nivea Pbilippi. Recent, Formosa and Karachi. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 4, f. 42, as violacea Hinds) . TRACHELOCHETUS Cossmann, 1889 (p. 250). Type (o.d.) : PL desmia Edwards. (Bartoman) Upper Eocene, England. Figd. C’ossmann 1896 (PI. 4, figs. 17, 18). Equals Gcmmula according to Dali 1918, p. 332; and a subgenus of Clavatula according to Grant & Gale 1931 n 485 It seems to be a distinct genus allied to Clavatula rather than to Gemmula. ' CLAVATULINAE TRIPIA Gregorio, 1890 (p. 38). Type (?see Harris 1937, p. 19) : PL anteatripla Gregorio. (Clai- bornian) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 3, figs. 10, 11 & 12?). Status uncertain. TRITON IMANGSLIA K. Martin, 1914 (p. 126). Type? Upper Oligocene, Java. (Paper not seen.) TRiTONOTURRIS Dali, 1924 (p. 88). Type (o.d.) : Clathurella robillardi Barclay, 1869. Recent, Mauritius. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 16, f. 55). TROPISURCULA Casey, 1904 (p. 153). Type (s.d. Cossmann 1906, p. 222) : Drillia caseyi Aldrich. Oligocene, Mississippi . TURRICULINAE TRYPANOTOMA Cossmann, 1S96 (p. 109). Type (o.d.) : PL terebrifonnis O. Meyer. Eocene, Gulf Coast, U.S.A. Figd. Cossmann 1896 (PI. 6, figs. 27, 28) . CLAVINAE TURRHYSSA Dali, 1924 (p. 88). Type (o.d.) : Clathurella bicarinata Pease. Recent, Hawaiian Islands. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 17, f. 90). A synonym of Eucyclotorna. See Thiele 1929, p. 369. TURRICULA Schumacher, 1817 (p. 217). Type (monotypy) : T. flammea Schum. — Mure.x javanus Chem., non Linn — Murex tornatus Dillwyn, non Turns tornatum Bolten. Recent, East Indies. Figd. Grant & Gale (1931, PI. 25, f. 9). See Woodring 1928, p. 166 ... TURRICULINAE TURRICULINA Gregorio, 1930 (p. 18). Type (o.d.) : T. unica Gregorio. Lias, Sicily. I have not seen this publication, but the genus is recorded in the Zool. Rec. 73, p. 91. TURR1DRUPA Hedley, 1922 (p. 226). Type (o.d.) : Pleurotoma acutigemmata Smith 1877. Locality unknown. Figd. Melvill, 1917 (PI. 8, f. 1) & Hedley, 1922 (PI. 42, figs. 12, 13). Hope Id., Queensland, specimen . CLAVINAE TURRIS Bolten, 1798 (p. 123). Type (s.d. Dali 1909) : Murex babylonius Gmel. Recent, Indo- Pacific. Figd. Kiener 1839-40 (PI. 1, f. 1) . TURRINAE TYLOTIA Melvill, 1917 (p. 160). Type (o.d.) : Strombus canicularis Bolten 1798 ( — Pleurotoma auriculifera Lamarck, 1822). Recent, Philippines. Figd. Reeve, 1843 (PI. 8, f. 69) ...CLAVINAE TYPHLOM ANGELA A G. O. Sars, 1878 (p. 241). Type : PL nivale Loven. Recent, Norway and Shetland Is. Figd. Tryon 1884 (PI. 7, f. 92). ? Subfamily TYPHLOSYRINX Thiele, 1925 (p. 219). Type (o.d.) ‘.Pleurotoma (Leucosyrinx) vepallida Mar¬ tens. Recent, 1,840 metres, Aden. Figd. Martens & Thiele 1903 (PI. 2, f. 6). .DAPHNELLINAE TYRRHENOTURRIS Coen, 1929 (p. 297). Three species mentioned, undatiruga, similis and peti- tiana. Thiele (1931, p. 741 in Tl. 2. Corrections to Tl. 1, 1929) cited Tyrrhenoturris as a synonym of Fusiturris. Type (here designated) : Pleurotoma undatiruga Bivona. If Thiele’s statement regarding the priority of Fusiturris is correct, this makes Coen’s genus an absolute synonym of Fusiturris. (UTTLEYA Marwick, 1934.) Type (o.d.) : JJ. arcana Marwick. Herein referred to Muricidae. VARICOBELA Casey, 1904 (p. 162). Type (o.d.) : Strombus smithi Aldrich. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, U.S.A. Figd. Aldrich 1886 (PI. 2, f. 6). 22 VAUGHANITES Woodring, 1928 (p. 200). Type (o.d.) : V. leptus Woodring. Middle Miocene, Jamaica. Figd. Woodring 1928 (PI. 9, figs. 1, 2) . BORSONIINAE VEPRcCULA Melvill, 1917 (p. 190). Type (o.d.) : Clathurella sykesii Melvill & Standen. Recent, Gulf of Oman, 156 fath. Figd. Melvill & Standen 1903 (PI. 23, f. 4) .DAPHNELLINAE VEXITHARA Finlay, 1926 (p. 254). Type (o.d.) : Antimiira vexilliformis Marshall & Murdoch. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. Figd. Marshall & Murdoch 1923 (PI. 13, f. 3). .BORSONIINAE VILLIERSIA Monterosato, 1884 (p. 128), non d’Orbigny, 1837. See Villicrsiclla. VILLIERSIELLA Monterosato, 1890 (p. 191), nom. nov. for “Viellicrsia” Monterosato, 1884, error for Villicrsia, non d’Orbigny 1837. Type (monotypy) : Murex attenuatus Montagu. Recent, Europe. Figd. Forbes & Hanley (PI. 113, figs. 8, 9). A synonym of Mangclia. See Grant & Gale, p. 585. VOLUTAPEX Harris 1937 (p. 55). Type (o.d.) : Surculonia calantica Harris. (Claibornian) Alabama, U.S.A. Sub-gen. of Surculoma. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 10, f. 19). (WAITARA Marwick, 1931) (p. 149). Type (o.d.) : Turricula waitaraensis Marwick. (Urenuian) Upper Miocene, N.Z. Figd. Marwick 1926 (PI. 74, f. 9) . THATCHERIIDAE XENUROTURRIS Iredale, 1929 (p. 285). Type (o.d.) : X. legitiwa Iredale. Recent, N. Queens¬ land. Figd. Iredalel929 (PI. 31, f. 3, 4) . TURRINAE (ZAFRA A. Adams, 1860) — Pyrenidae. H. Adams 1872 caused the genus name to be misapplied to the Turridae. (See Iredale 1916, p. 30.) ZELIA de Gregorio, 1890 (p. 44), non Zelia Desvoidy, 1830. Type (o.d.) : Borsonia (Zelia) sativa Gregorio. (Claibornian) Middle Eocene, Alabama. A synonym of Scobinella; see Wood- ring 1928, p. 199. Figd. Harris 1937 (PI. 12, figs. 24, 25). ZEMACiES Finlay, cene, N.Z. 1926 (p. 252). Type (o.d.) : Z. elatior Finlay. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Mio- Figd. Finlay & Marwick 1937 (PI. 17, figs. 5, 10) . TURRICULINAE ZEN EPOS Finlay, 1928 (p. 250). Type (o.d.) : Daphnella fotolirata Suter. Suter 1908 (PI. 7, f. 23) . Recent, N.Z. Figd. . DAPHNELLINAE ZETEKIA Dali, 1918a (p. 320). Type (monotypy) : Z. dcniiculata Dali. Dali 1919 (PI. 1, f. 1) . Recent, Panama. Figd. . BORSONIINAE To this List may now be added the following 31 new genera proposed in this Bulletin:—- ANTICOMITAS n. gen. Type: A. vivens n. sp. Recent, N.Z. ANTIGURALEUS n. gen. Type: A. otagoensis n. sp. Recent, N.Z. ANTI M EL ATOM A n. gen. Type: Drillia tnaomm Smith. Recent, N.Z. AOTEADRiLLIA n. gen. Type: Pleurotorna ivanganuieusis Hutton. (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene, N.Z. AUSTROCLAVUS n. gen. Type: Drillia tenuispiralis Marshall. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. BELATOM!NA n. gen. Type: Bela pulchra Tate. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Victoria. CAR1NACOMITAS n. subgen. of Comitas. Type: Pleurotorna clarae Tenison-Woods. (Balcom¬ bian) Middle Miocene, Victoria. CLAVATOIY! A n. gen. Type: C. pulchra n. sp. (Opoitian-Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene, N.Z. CRYPTODAPHNE n. gen. Type: C. pscudodrillia n. sp. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. ECHINOTURRiS n. gen. Type: “ Turns ” fmlayi Powell. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. EOSCOBINELLA n. gen. Type: E. tahuia n. sp. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene, N.Z. ET RE MO PS IS n. gen. Type: Drillia imperfecta Suter. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. FUSIGURALEUS n. subgen. of Neognraleus. Type: Clathurella leptosoma Hutton. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. HAUTURUA n. subgen. of Syntomodrillia. Type: S. (Id.) vivens n. sp. Recent, N.Z. INTEGRA DR ILL IA n. gen. Type: Drillia Integra Tenison-Woods. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Victoria. Li RASYRI NX n. gen. Type: L. anomala n. sp. (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene, N.Z. LI RATO M IN A n. gen. Type: Bela sculptilis Tate. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Victoria. 23 (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, MAORIDAPHNE n. gen. Type: Daphnclla clifdenensis Laws N.Z. MAORITOMELLA n. gen. Type: Pleurotoma albula Hutton. Recent, N.Z. MAUIDRILLIA n. gen. Type: Mangilia praecophinodes Suter. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. MITRELLATOMA n. gen. Type: Columbella angustata Hutton. (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene, N.Z. NOTOGENOTA n. gen. Type: Hemifusus (Mayeria) goniodes Suter. (Bortoman) Middle Eocene, N.Z. PARACOMITAS n. gen. Type: Surcula castlccliffcrisis Marshall & Murdoch. (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene, N.Z. PSEUDOINQUISITOR n. gen. Type: P. problematicns n. sp. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. REGIDRILLIA n. subgen. of Austrodrillia. Type: A. (R.) sola n. sp. Recent, N.Z. TAHUDRILLIA n. gen. Type: T. simplex n. sp. (Tahuian) Lpper Eocene, N.Z. TAHUSYRINX n. gen. Type: Parasyrinx finlayi Allan. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene, N.Z. VEXIGURALEUS n. gen. Type: V. clifdenensis n. sp. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. VEXITOMINA n. gen. Type: Drillia metcalfei Angas. Recent, New South Wales. VIXINQUISITOR n. gen. Type: Drillia vixumbilicala Harris. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Vic¬ toria. XANTHODAPHNE n. gen. Type: Pleurotoma (Tliesbia) membranacea Watson. Recent, N.Z. With regard to the subfamily names used herein, these are based automatically upon the earliest genus name covered by the group. Since the “International Rules of Zoo¬ logical Nomenclature” are ambiguous on this point, it has always been my practice to apply family and subfamily names in the above manner rather than to recognise priority which after all is not demanded in the “rules.” The forming of family and subfamily rames upon the “type genus” as set down in the “rules” requires a further statement as + r > how this “type genus” is to be rigidly determined. CLASSIFICATION. No really satisfactory classification of the Turridae has yet been published, and, moreover, I cannot claim that even the scheme advanced in this bulletin has a completely sound basis. As already remarked, the paucity of available “live” material in a group amazingly rich in species is the reason for our deficiency in respect to anatomical data. Another adverse factor is that a high percentage of both genera and species are fossils. The classification here advanced contains no novel features apart from the proposal of a larger number of subfamilies than previously employed, and the segregation of two groups as new non-Turrid families: these representing assumed parallel developed stock; and along with the other toxoglossids, probably all had a common ancestry. Since shell features afford the only direct aid to the palaeontologist, it follows that a working scheme for the classification of the fossil members must be based upon these shell features. The protoconch, however, is something of an embryological criterion, since it represents the external covering of the embryo. However, by analogies drawn from the available meagre knowledge of the radula and operculum, particularly of exotic species, the subfamilies as here outlined are given, for the most part, more definite biological status—they are something more than convenient shell groups, for they suggest natural assemblages. As a brief resume of previous classifications, attention is drawn to Stimpson’s (1865) proposition of separating the Clavatulinae on radula data as a distinct family the Clionelli- dac, representing a new order, the Tomoglossata. Subsequent work, however, shows the radula of this group to be merely of intermediate style between the “prototypic” den- 24 tition of Dnllia and Spirotropis on the one hand and on the other the specialised true toxoglossid radula of the higher Turrids. In 1868 Jeffreys introduced the form of the pro¬ toconch as a new systematic character for the British Turridae, i.e., “Genus 1. Defrancia. Apex somewhat stiliform (as in Cerithiopsis) , finely pointed and minutely reticulated/’ “Genus 2. Pleurotoma —apex regular and blunt.” Fischer (1887) advanced the following proposition based solely on the operculum:— “1. Opercule droit, etroit, unguiforme : Coninae. 2. Opercule piriforme, a nucleus lateral interne : Clavatulinae. 3. Opercule oval, a nucleus apical : Pleurotominae. 4. Pas d’opercule : Mangiliinae. Most subsequent authors slavishly followed Fischer’s clasification, but with unsatis¬ factory results, since the operculum is one of the least known of Turrid characters, and further, as I have attempted to demonstrate herein, the style of the operculum appears largely dependent upon the method employed by the animal to best fill the various aper- tural shapes. In particular, Fischer’s Clavatulinae has caused a stumbling block, since the operculum with a medio-lateral nucleus was its only obvious feature for recognition. Hedley (1922) amplified Fischer’s arrangement by correlating nuclear and shell charac¬ ters, recognising four subfamilies—the Turrinae, Clavatulinae, Mangiliinae and the Daph- nellinae. Thiele (1929) in his great work Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde, pro¬ posed a novel classification, allocating three subfamilies for the Turridae ■ — the Turrinae, Brachytominac and Cytharinae ; prime importance being placed upon the nature of the basal attachment of the radula teeth, expressed as with or without a basal membrane. This grouping presents many apparently incongruous associations, and to my way of thinking amalgamates under one subfamily heading three out of four of the only clear-cut radula types in the family. That is: (1) The “wishbone”-shaped marginals of Tunis and Gcm- mula. (2) The massive marginals and narrow-based unicuspid central of Clavatula and its allies, and (3) The strong marginals and large broad-based unicuspid central of Leucosyrinx and its relatives. Further, the Drillia-like genera which are easily recognis¬ able by their truncated canal and “U”-shaped shoulder sinus become sundered, some in the Turrinae, others in the Brachytominae, while obvious T u ny i n a e such as Bathytoma are likewise removed from their more natural location. To return to the scheme adopted in this bulletin, it embodies all the usable features of prior classifications, but stresses shell features as the only general means at present available of arranging the family seemingly on phylogenetic lines. The recognition of a larger series of subfamilies and above all the subordination of the “Clavatulid opercu¬ lum” bugbear should make for a more workable classification. EVALUATION OF TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS. (a) The radula :—~ The most important fact emerging from Thiele’s work on Turrid dentition is that whereas many of the genera which we may take as advanced have a normal toxoglossid radula very similar to that of the Conidae, others, particularly Drillia and Spirotropis, ex¬ hibit a presumed prototypic radula in which a central tooth and laterals have persisted as well as the marginals. It may well be that the long ranging genera are those most likely to retain the prototypic radula, and th >se more recently evolved have the specialised toxoglossid dentition. The radula of far too few species is known, however, to venture any sweeping conclusion based upon the known radula results. Certainly these two styles of Turrid dentition do not seem to correlate with clasifications based upon shell features. 25 (b) The protoconch:— x , The next taxonomic character worthy of consideration is the protoconcn and un- ine next ictxunui one of far greater value m the doubtedly we have here a genera y us - ^ grouping. In one application only of phyte.net.. umts““ “.““aSi.TtL c.*. of the hte.n.Uy can. ”,lM.d Daphnellid ape*. Thf « t» not ...eatial to the hotv.y.t, hot on the other hand it is unknown m the other subfamilies. In general, a conical polygyrate protoconch indicates a free swimming larva, and such types are likely to have a wide geographic range as well as a considerable time range. In other words, efficient distribution is against the evolution of local races, and so t y- dency to split up into regional forms is minimised. Some of these polygyrate protoconchs 2e of perfect ‘‘Sinusigera” form; that is, the outer lip of the embryonic shell is fitted with a claw-like projection which has been interpreted as a suppoit foi the lelum oi swimming organ of the veliger larva. (See Iredale 1910, p. 74, and 1911, p. 319, for. account of the sinusigera apex.) A blunt paucispiral protoconch, on the other. hand is characteristic of most of the locally distributed types, in which there is no efficient free swimming stage, and in such the distribution cannot be wide. A certain number oi genera appear to occur in parallel series, being alike in adult shell features and eviden y of common origin, but by their respective protoconchs they are separable into polygyrate and paucispiral series. In all these instances I have treated these parallel develop¬ ments as distinct genera, for differences in the embryo are surely of basic biological im¬ portance. Moreover, investigation shows that in such parallel groups each has its own phylogenetic time range, and that the polygyrate series usually outlives the paucispiral series. This is a significant point, for when once the radical embryonic change from a sedentary to a free swimming larva takes place, both types appear to develop independ¬ ently, for there is no evidence suggesting indiscriminate change and rechange between these two types of embryos. It would seem rather that the “Sinusigera” apex is an evolutionary culmination from the less efficient paucispiral type. Much criticism has been levelled at the employers of piotoconch ciiteiia in me family, but in all these objections the fault seems to lie in the failure of rigid application of these criteria. If we refuse to admit more than one style of protoconch in a genus these anomalies disappear, and in justification of this, I may state that the application of this rule in respect to the extensive fauna of New Zealand Tertiary Turridae in particular, has been attended with satisfactory results. Dali (1927, pp. 27-42) in describing some 42 new species of Turridae discounted the taxonomic value of the protoconch in statements which conflict strangely with his earlier excellent work on the gasteropod apex. In this paper Dali's method w r as to arrange his species in five groups according to style of protoconch, but he then proceeded generi- cally to nominate them on adult facies, with the result that the same genus appeared under more than one nuclear group. The unhappy result of Dali's scheme can best be judged from the fact that 30 out of the 42 new species, respectively, were generically admitted with a query. It is well to recall the considered statement of Dr. H. J. Finlay (1931, p. 19) “after a number of years’ careful examination of gasteropod apices, I am fully satisfied, in spite of what several authors have written, that the protoconch is one of the most valu¬ able criteria for systematic classification. Not only have I never found it to vary from type in a homogeneous genus, but I have also found it so generally constant that in my opinion considerable importance must be placed on it in determining lineage relation¬ ships. To the palaeontologist it is as important as the radula is to the malacologist, and should be given just as much consideration.” 26 Finlay (1931, p. 9) suggested that the normal course of evolution in the gasteropod protoconch is from paucispiral calcareous to polygyrate calcareous, and paucispiral part calcareous and part horny to polygyrate horny. (c) The operculum:— The operculum is here considered of secondary importance as a taxonomic charac¬ ter. After all, its shape is consequent on the shape of the aperture, for opercular growth naturally takes the most convenient form to keep the apertural space occupied. Opercu¬ lar growth is achieved by means of a logarithmic spiral, the addition of concentric rings, 01 the addition of excentric rings. The operculum of Turbo is a good example of a logarithmic coiled operculum. Turrid opercular growth is achieved by either concentric oi excentric growth rings. Apertural shape therefore must decide in a measure the method employed. For species with a long narrow aperture, the operculum is lanceolate or leaf-shaped. Excentric growth with an apical nucleus is the obvious mechanical method of growth in these types. The Clavatuhds, on the other hand, have a very different apeitural shape, due to the lower median placing of the parietal angulation of the inner lip, which is occasioned by the suture extending higher over the preceding whorl. Thus by lan-wise excentric growth from a medio-lateral position the apertural space is best filled. A variation of the leaf-shaped operculum takes place where the aperture does not contract rapidly towards the anterior canal. The resultant squarish aperture is accommodated by an operculum in which the position of the nucleus may move over towards the outer lip in order to facilitate the mechanism of opercular growth. Again, in some abyssal genera such as Steiraxis the operculum may become degener¬ ate and remain permanently ovate, of small size, without subsequent growth accretions. Obviously the operculum in the light of these considerations cannot be given a high taxonomic value. It will remain lanceolate or “Clavatulid” so long as that shape is decided by apertural features. At best the operculum is consequent to the shape of the aperture. (d) Shell features (sinus, anterior canal, etc.):— We are still confronted with the problem of major grouping and so external shell features become usable, and until the anatomy is better known offer the only feasible means of grouping, particularly as these obvious criteria, including the protoconch, must remain the only taxonomic aids in palaeontology. On shell features two groups are at once separable—the subfamily Turrinae with the sinus on the peripheral keel (or in the case of Tiirris (s.s.) on a separate rib immedi¬ ately above the peripheral keel), and the remainder which have the sinus on the shoulder. The Daphnellinae can be segregated by their angular reversed “L”-shaped sinus adjoin¬ ing the suture, and, as already stated, the diagonally cancellated protoconch is confined to this subfamily, although it is not essential to it. Further separation of the great bulk of Turrids with the sinus on the shoulder can now be made. The Clavatulinae is available for fusiform genera with a robust but moder¬ ately long canal and whorls coiled high on the preceding volutions. Unfortunately, the operculum does come in as the critical test for this group, the form being roughly ovate, with a medio-lateral nucleus. By contrast the Turrinae and Clavinae have leaf-shaped opercula with an apical nucleus. Fusiform genera with long tapering canals may be grouped as the Turriciilinae and the Cochlespirinae, the latter being deep-water, with thin keeled shells and a distinctive radula. The Conorbiinae covers conic to biconic shells with a broad shallow sinus, and develops a deeply sinused anterior canal and ridge-margined fasciole. 27 The Clavinae includes a large number of genera combining a short truncated anterior canal and a well developed sinus on tlie sliouldei. The MangcUvnac covers a large group of small fusiform to ovate shells with a broad, often very shallow sinus, occupying the shoulder, apertural denticles present or absent, and frequently a gritty texture occasioned by a minute granular pa ern. e an enoi canal is short to moderate, and the operculum is absent. Except for this last ea uie some genera resemble small Drillias. The Borsoniinae is employed for moderate sized fusiform shells with several distinct columellar plaits and includes the MitromorphaAike shells and a number of other genera of small size resembling small Mitras and Pyrenids, having a broad shallow sinus occu¬ pying the shoulder, which is frequently very slight, and often with a series of weak plications within the outer lip. Summarised, the usable taxonomic characters in the Turridae are considered to have the following values:— SUMMARY OF TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS. (1) Protoconch—Essential in the segregation of phylogenetic series, but of little value in major grouping except that a diagonally cancellated protoconch is restricted to the Daphncllinae, but its presence is not absolutely essential to that sub¬ family. (2) Sinus—Position and style of sinus is the best guide to subfamily grouping. (3) Operculum—Of limited application, as data is very incomplete, and especially as it is unavailable for fossils. It is useful, however, as a definite check to the Clavatiilimc, which typically has an operculum with a medio-lateral nucleus. (Other genera, however, have opercula closely simulating it. The absence of the operculum in both the Mangdlmae and the Daphncllinae , is worthy of note. (4) Columellar plaits—or plications and a very shallow broad sinus indicate the Bor¬ soniinae, but some genera minus plaits are considered to belong here also (a tem¬ porary location). (5) Anterior canal—its and Clavatulids. length of secondary value in separating Drillias from Turriculids There are long and short canalled TuPrinae, however, as in¬ stanced by Turns and Xenuroturris. (6) Anterior notch—useful in tracing phylogenetic series, the trend being from a simple un-notehed state through a gradually deepening notch, culminating in a ridged upper margin and well developed fasciole. (See Cryptoeonus-Mcgasurcula diagrams.) (7) “Stromboid” notch—a weak to moderately strong indentation on the lower portion of the outer lip. Indicates the Clavus series of the Clavinae. (8) Suture—indicates the Clavatulinae when it is wound high up, clasping a considerable area of the preceding whorl. (9) Radula—at present of limited application in Turrid classification, as there is insuffici¬ ent data available. The extremely useful character of this organ in respect to other gasteropod groups, however, indicates that when more Turrids are known anatomically the radula may provide a decisive factor in their classification. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION. (a) Subfamilies of the Turridae. A. Shell reaching large size (up to 100 mm.). Shell fusiform; mostly with a long slender canal. 1. Sinus on or adjacent to peripheral keel; deep, “V".shaped. Operculum leaf-shaped with apical nucleus. Radula 1 + 0+0 + 0 + 1; marginals only, which are "wish-bone”-shaped ( I urns & Gemmuh) . TURRINAE ’ S " UlS “ the shoulder - ‘'oanded, broad and of moderate depth, to narrow and rather deep. Operculum (typically) with the nucleus on one side; but evidently variable. Radula (typically) 1 + 0+1 +0+1; marginals massive, bifid at base; central tooth very small. Shell with rounded or subangulate periphery. TURRICULiNAE 3. Sinus on the shoulder, rounded, broad and shallow to rather deep. Operculum variable. Kadula 1 + 0+1+0 + 1; marginals strong, central tooth very large. Shell thin with sharply angled Periphery. Deep water . COCHLESPIRINAE 4. Sinus on the shoulder, rounded, shallow to moderate. Operculum constantly ovoid with a mec 10 -lateral nucleus. Radula 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1; marginals massive, central tooth minute or absent. Shell strong with stout canal, and whorls clasping high over preceding volutions. (Not represented in New Zealand) . CLAVATULINAE Shell conoid to biconic. 5. Sinus broad and shallow, occupying the width of the shoulder. Operculum absent in Genota. Radula 1+0+0+0+1; a pair of slender marginals (Genota mitrijormis) n chon * , CONORB! INAE B. Shell of moderate size. Shell with tall spire, but short anterior canal. 6. Sinus on the shoulder, moderate to deep, narrowly “U”-shaped, often rendered sub¬ tubular by a parietal tubercle. Operculum with apical nucleus. Radula in Drillia, proto¬ type, 1 + 1 + 1 +1 + 1, but in other genera the central and lateral teeth have disappeared, leaving only a pair of marginals . CLAVINAE Snell fusiform, biconic or narrowly ovate. t. Sinus on the shoulder ,broadly arcuate, slight to moderate. Operculum absent in Bor- sonella. Radula 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1, marginals long and slender (Borsonia ochracea Thiele). Typically with pillar plications . BORSONI!NAE C. Shell mostly of small size. Operculum always absent. Shell fusiform, ovate or biconic; canal rather short. 8. Sinus on the sliouldei, bioadly arcuate, shallow; subtubular when restricted by a parietal tubercle. Radula 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1; a pair of slender marginals. Surface of shell often granular. Outer-lip simple or variced and dentate within . MANGELIINAE 9. Sinus adjoining suture, typically as a reversed or “mirror image” of an “L.” Radula 1 + 0 + 0+0 + 1; a pair of slender curved marginals. The diagonally cancellated protoconch is restricted to this subfamily . DAPH NELLI NAE (b) Keys to genera; grouped in subfamilies. Genera represented in the New Zealand fauna are indicated by heavy type. A few foreign genera are included in the keys for comparison, in cases where some relationship or resemblance to New Zea¬ land groups exists. These are indicated by lighter faced type. Subfamily TURRINAE. 1. Shell narrowly fusiform, with produced anterior canal. A. Sinus on peripheral keel. Sinus deep and narrow. Sinus rib flat and smooth . LOPHIOTOMA Sinus rib convex and gemmulate . GEM MU LA Sinus openly “V” shaped. Apex of sinus restricted to a smooth convex carina .. POLYSTIRA Apex of sinus broader than carina, which is gemmulate . EOTURRIS Sinus on upper of two series of prickly nodules . ECHINOTURRIS Sinus rounded and broadly open, of moderate depth. Shell thin. Periphery nodulous . LUCERAPEX 29 B. Sinus not quite on peripheral carma; extending dule8 .GAMPYLACRUM Sinus bluntly triangular, its apex just above the penphetal nodules C. Sinus on smooth convex spiral ridge immediately above peripheral carma.. TUHRIS Sinus deep, narrow. Sinus rib convex, smooth . 2 . Shell with tall spire, hut truncated anterior canal. Sinus deep and narrow, as in Lophiotoma. XENIIROTURRIS Sinus rib flat and smooth . 3 . shell biconic with full, gradually tapered body-whorl; anterior canal not produced. Sinus openly “V” shaped. Shell gemmulate, nodtnose 01 f ne BATHYTOMA Protoconch polygyrate . MICANTAPEX Protoconch blunt and paucispiral . Sinus very broadly and shallowly “V shaped. . FEN ESTROSYRI NX Shell verv small, fenestrate. Protoconch blunt, paucispiral . FENESTROSYK 4 . Shell "Drillia"- shaped, spire tall, base truncated, anterior canal deeply notched with ridge margined fasciole. . , . . EPIDIRONA Sinus narrow and deep, on rounded peripheral ang e . Subfamily TURRICUIJNAE. Shell narrowly fusiform, with rounded or subangled periphery. A. Protoconcli paucispiral. Subsutural cord weak. Protoconch large and bulbous ... Protoconch more depressed with last whorl caiinate . Subsutural cord absent. . Protoconch dome-shaped, strongly carinate. Canal long, slender Protoconch very depressed, sharply carinate. Canal shoit, stout R. Protoconch papillate of 3 whorls, tip planorbid. . COMITAS CAR! N ACOM IT AS . . PARACOMITAS . . ANTICOMITAS Subsutural cord broad and stiong. TURRICUEA Sinus deep and narrow . C. Protoconcli polygyrate, dome-shaped, of 3S whorls. Subsutural and peripheral cords nodulose. . 1 . , Sinus deep and narrow, on smooth area between subsutural and peripheral co “’* OL1TOMA D. Protoconcli polygyrate, sharply conic, of 3-5 whorls Subsutural cord broad, moderately strong. Whorls increasing normally . Whorls rapidly increasing and drawn out - INSOLENTIA . ZEMACIES Subfamily COCHLESPIRINAE. Shell narrowly fusiform, with sharply keeled peiipheiy. A. Peripheral keel smooth. Sinus deep, rather narrowly rounded. Y rinx Protoconcli large, paucispiral, smooth and blunt . Protoconch obtusely conical, of 2} whorls, tip smooth, followed by 2 spirally lirate Sinus broad and shallow. Surface regularly finely striated COCHLESPIRA 2 . B. C. Peripheral keel moniliform. Sinus deep, broadly arcuate, occupying Peripheral keel serrated. Sinus deep, rather narrowly rounded .. Sinus subsutural; shoulder bisected by shoulder . COSMASYRtNX . TAHUSYR1NX lamellar ridge having a pseudo-sinus below it ANCISTROSYRINX Shell narrowly fusiform, with angled periphery. D. Peripheral angle with feeble axials. Sinus broad and shallow, occupying Note: The operculum in this subfamily is the shoulder . LEUCOSYRINX quite variable, having an apical nucleus in Ancistrosyrinx; 30 subovate with a median rib on the inner edge and an apical nucleus in Leucosyrinx ; elliptical and con- centiic "with a subcentral nucleus in Ircnosyrinx; while in Steiraxis the operculum remains permanently paucispiral. In the absence of radula and opercular details, the thin fusiform shell, with sharp, sometimes frilled, peripheral keel is a guide. The subfamily is widespread in deep water and has a long Tertiary range. The Turrinae, Clavatulinae, Turriculinae and Cochlespirmae could well have had a common ancestry far back in the Cretaceous. Subfamily CLAVATULINAE. 1. Shell fusiform with moderately long but stout anterior canal. A. Sutui e mounting high on preceding whorls. Sinus moderately deep, on shoulder, below subsutural fold. Shell coarsely axially and spirally sculptured . CLAVATULA Shell almost smooth; base bluntly angulate . PERRONA B. Suture normal, not high and clasping. Sinus moderately deep. obeli coarsely axially and spirally sculptured . KNEPASTIA Sinus broad and shallow. Shell smooth and polished. Like a short-spired Terebrct . PUSIONELLA 2. Shell Dri/tia-\ike, with short anterior canal. Sinus shallow, shoulder not prominent. Sculpture mainly axial . CLIONELL A. Note, There are no New Zealand members of this subfamily. Although much has been made of the “operculum with a medio-lateral nucleus,” it is not an infallible index to the Clavatulinae, for it may be approximated in the Turriculinae and the Cochlespirmae as well. I would base the family rather on the curious whorling (i.e., suture clasped high on preceding whorl) coupled with a distinctive radula of massive marginals and a narrow-based tiny unicuspid central tooth. The additional evidence of a medio-lateral operculum to either the sutural or the radula factor, prefer¬ ably both, should then be conclusive. Clionella lacks the clasping suture and the anterior canal is abnormally short, but both the operculum and the radula are unmistakably Clavatulid. The family is now predominantly African, the one exception being the Southern Californian Knefastia. However, the family is well represented in the Tertiary by European and Asiatic species of Clavatula and Perrona, while in the West Indian region Knefastia is represented in the Miocene and pos¬ sibly in the Cretaceous. At present it would be better to restrict the use of the Clavatulinae as out¬ lined above and to use opercular characters with extreme caution, for what more unnatural grouping could there be than to force Ircnosyrinx (an obvious member of the deep-water syrinx group of genera) into the Clavatulinae simply because it has an elliptical operculum with a subcentral nucleus. Doubts have frequently been expressed regarding the Turrid affinity of Pusionclla nifat (Adanson), it being held by some to be a short Terebra. The colour pattern of dark square blotches as well as the smooth polished surface certainly suggests this location, but on the other hand nifat has a weak sinus, which Terebra never has, the radula is definitely Clavatulid, as also is the operculum with its medio- lateral nucleus; all the Terebrid opercula being leaf-shaped with an apical nucleus. Further, the charac¬ teristic basal columellar fold of the Terebrids is quite lacking in nifat. Pseudomelatoma Dali, 1918, is considered by Grant & Gale (1931, p. 559) to be a descendant of Clavatula, but I cannot concur in this view, for neither the suture nor the operculum, which is leaf- shaped with an apical nucleus, correlates with the Clavatulinae. Certainly in form the shell resembles Clionella, but the radula with its large central tooth having a single long cusp, and the simple elongate marginals, bears no resemblance to the Clavatulid radula which is one of the few really distinctive types so far known in the family. Pscudomclatoma is therefore a problematic genus which may be better placed in the Turriculinae, a purely provisional location, for there is little resemblance between the radula of P . moesta (as figured by Thiele 1925, p. 205) and that of Turricula javana (Thiele 1925, p. 204), which bas a small but broad central tooth with a weak cusp and winged upturned extremities. The nearest approach to the Pscudomclatoma radula is shown in a specimen of “ Turricula” maculosa (Sowerby) from La Paz, West Mexico. It likewise has a broad central tooth with a large cusp and simple elongate marginals. The operculum also is leaf-shaped, with an apical nucleus. On shell char¬ acters, however, there would appear little relationship between moesta and maculosa. Certainly macu¬ losa cannot be retained as a Turricula (s. str.) as neither the radula nor the operculum coincide, nor is the protoconch similar. Generic nomination, however, is withheld until the radulae of the Turriculids is better known. 31 Subfamily CONORBIINAE. 1. Shell "Con^-shaped. A. Anterior canal unnotched. SP Votoconch coTof whorl.^ ^ and axial growt h lines .... CONGESTS Post-nuclear sculpture a net 2. Shell biconic. SPire pr a otoco a nctr" absent . CRYPTOCONUS P0St Tt:r—^ U — — Pr °rs—:: scuttle dense axia, aad .P«r* . Body-whorl long and slowly tapered. GENOTA Sinus -tr.cte‘ by NOTOOENOTA Sinus broad, shallow. Sutuie nor B. Anterior canal shallowly notched. \xial sculpture dominant. 0 th except for spiral cords on last whorl ‘ ’ Protoconch ot 4 whorls, tip planorbid, smoo ACAMPTOGENOTIA C. Anterior canal deeply notched. Axial sculpture dominant. globular, smooth, last 2 whorls reticulated Protoconch of 4-5 whorls, tip minute and glou . BELOPHOS by thin spirals and stout axials. D Anterior canal deeply notched and ridge-margined. ' Spire equal to or less than height of aperture. Spiral sculpture dominant. _ t tbat the last 2 whorls have strong Protoconch 4-5 whorls as in Belophos, ■ . AUSTROTOMA spirals crossed by thin axials. . •• • ' followed by brephic axials Protoconch large, smooth, rounded, of 1* ’ ‘ LIRATOMINA Sculpture weak. Shell very large. . MEGASURCULA Protoconch? . Spire twice height of aperture. . VEXITOMINA Seulnture spiral and axial . 3. Shell fusiform with moderately long unnotched or very weakly notched antenoi slightly twisted pillar. Si "— X^ate dome-shaped with strong spira! cords on last SinU protoconch U polygyrate, regularly conic and practically smooth . MARSHALLENA Subfamily CLAY IN AE. 1 Fasciole very prominent, causing a deep false-umbilicus. Parietal callus heavy. Anterior canal deeply notched, Radula prototypic, l + l+l + l + l, marginals, a eia s < DRILLIA tral all present . 2. Fasciole moderate, without a false-umbilicus. Radula typically toxoglossid, 1 + O + O-fO+l, only the marginals remaining. A. Axial sculpture dominant. Anterior canal abnormally long for subfamily; weakly notched. Axials long and fold-like. Strong parietal callus-pad. Protoconch polygyrate of about 5 whorls. INQUISITOR Axials regular throughout.. Axials plus heavy varix behind aperture . CLA _, TO r Protoconch paucispiral, blunt, of 24 whorls . PSEUDOI No parietal callus-pad. Protoconch paucispiral, blunt, of 2 whorls; 1st smooth, 2nd spirally iid&e ANTiMELATOMA 82 aa. Anterior canal very short, distinctly notched; termination more or less axis of shell. Strong parietal callus-pad. Axials long and fold-like. Subsutural fold very wide and massive. Piotoconch paucispiral followed by axial riblets . Subsutural fold very weak. Piotoconch of two elevated smooth whorls Protoconch broad, dome-shaped, of 2J whorls, last carinate .. Axials rendered strongly nodulous bv spiral cords. Subsutural fold weak. Protoconch paucispiral, followed by axial riblets . Subsutural fold subobsolete. Piotoconch tall, conical, of 3| smooth whorls No parietal callus-pad. Axials obsolete over body-whorl. Piotoconch smooth, dome-shaped, of li whorls. No subsutural fold . in line with . . . CRASSISPIRA AUSTRODRILLIA ... REGIDRILLIA . . . MONILISPIRA . . . CLAVATOMA . TAHUDRILLIA ab. Anterior canal termination very oblique. Outer lip interrupted below by a distinct “Stromboid”-notch. Spiial sculpture very weak, obsolete, or confined to neck. Paiietal callus-pad moderate to strong. Protoconch polygyrate. Axials strong, tubercular or spiny; confined to periphery. Protoconch tall, smooth and subulate . CLAVUS Protoconch polygyrate, a “Sinusigera” of 4-5 smooth whorls .. AUSTROCLAVUS Protoconch blunt, paucispiral. No subsutural fold. Base subangulate (in Austral species). Axials narrow, extending from suture to‘suture . SYNTOMODRILLIA Axials reduced to pointed peripheral tubercles . HAUTURUA Subsutural fold usually present. Base not angulate. Axials stopped at shoulder. SPLENDRILLIA Axials very strong, those on base deeply incised in line with “Strom- boid”-notch . CYMATOSYRINX B. Spiral and axial sculpture equally well developed. Parietal callus-pad absent. Protoconch globular of 2 smooth whorls. MAUIDRILLIA Protoconch papillate of 2-3 whorls, developing a blunt submedian carina .. AOTEADRILLIA C. Spiral sculpture dominant. ca. Strong, distant cords or keels; smooth or weakly crenulate. Sinus “U”-shaped, on shoulder, moderately deep. Protoconch polygyrate; a “Sinusigera” of 4-5 whorls . TOMOPLEURA Protoconch paucispiral; broad, dome-shaped of 2 whorls . MAORITOMELLA Protoconch paucispiral; blunt, keeled, of 21 whorls . DRILLIOLA Sinus area sunken between heavy subsutural and peripheral keels. Protoconch polygyrate of 5 whorls; tip smooth, remainder regularly axially costate MICRODRILLIA Sinus area with a strong median cord. Protoconch turbinate, of 2 smooth whorls, followed by 1 of strong axials- TURRIDRUPA cb. Linear spaced, flattened spiral cords. Sinus very shallow. Shell narrowly fusiform, of Pyrenid shape . MITRELLATOMA cc. Subsutural border and other cords rendered moniliform by axial riblets. Anterior notch deep and ridge-margined. Sinus deep. Protoconch of 4 tightly coiled whorls . PHENATOMA 33 Subfamily B0R80NIINAE. 1. Columella with plaits. A. Shell fusiform, of moderate size. Anterior canal long. Columella with 1-2 plaits. Sinus deep, on deeply excavated shoulder. Columella with 1 strong plait.. .. Sinus broad, moderate, on weakly excavated shoulder. Columella with 1 (typically) or 2 plaits . Columella with a series of plaits. Sculpture gemmulate. Protoconch of 21 low conic whorls . Sculpture of blunt axials crossed by linear groo\es. Protoconch tall, conic, of 5 whorls . Anterior canal short. Sinus very broad and shallow; shoulder scarcely defined. Columella with 2 plaits . B. Shell biconic, small. Sinus very shallow. Columella with 1-2 plaits (normally 2). Shoulder rounded, ill defined. Protoconch paucispiral, dome-shaped. Sculpture of strong spirals, sometimes crossed by weak axials Sculpture of strong axials, cut by linear grooves . Shoulder prominently ridged. Protoconch paucispiral, narrow, peg-like . BORSONELLA .... BORSONIA . SCOBINELLA EOSCOBINELLA . ... CORDIERIA M1TRITHARA . ITIA VEXITHARA 2. Columella without plaits. Inside of outer lip liratc MITROMORPHA A. Shell ovoid, small. Sinus subobsolete. Strongly axially costate. Subsutural cord very strong. Shoulder deeply concave Sculpture not strong. Subsutural cord subobsolete. .. AWATERIA Shoulder and sinus area ill defined CCDIMlilM B. Shell very small, narrow, Pyrenifonn. Sinus very shallow. Protoconch paucispiral, of 1| smooth whorls, tip inrolled and askew Protoconch paucispiral, very blunt, mammillary. Protoconch conoid, polygyrate, of 4| smooth whorls . MAORI MORPH A . THESBIA. . .. EOTHESBIA Subfamily MANGELIINAE. 1. Outer lip thin; no apertural denticles. A. Shell elongate-fusiform. Protoconch polygyrate, dome-shaped, smooth. Protoconch polygyrate, dome-shaped, tip smooth, remainder fenestrate. Anterior canal truncated . NEOGURALEUo Anterior canal produced . FUSIGURALEUS Protoconch blunt, dome-shaped, tip smooth, remainder with thin curved axials, crossed on last h whorl by 4 weak spirals. VEXIGURALEUS Protoconch paucispiral, papillate, smooth. ANTIGURALEUS Protoconch paucispiral, loosely wound, with heavy spiral keels . LIRACRAEA B. Shell ovate, with short spire. Protoconch polygyrate, dome-shaped, smooth . MARITA 2. Outer lip variced, with or without apertural denticles. A. Sculpture of prominent spiral cords. Parietal tubercle strong. Apertural denticles absent. ...... Sinus deep, subtubular. Protoconch blunt, dome-shaped, of 2 smooth whorls.; . . . FILODRILLIA 34 B. Sculpture of strong axials crossed by secondary spirals. Parietal tubercle subobsolete. Apertural denticles absent. Sinus shallow. Protoconch paucispiral, turbinate, smooth, followed by brephic axials ANACITHARA Parietal tubercle strong. Apertural denticles on inside of outer-lip only. Sinus broad, moderately deep. Protoconch polygyrate, conical, axially costate . HETEROCITHARA Sinus deep, subtubular. Protoconch large, polygyrate, 5-G whorls, carinated . ETREMOPSIS Apertural denticles or ridges on both lips. Shell ovate-cylindrical. Spire usually shorter than aperture. Sinus excavated or channelled. Protoconch paucispiral, small, smooth, helicoid . EUC'ITHARA Shell biconic; spire higher than aperture. Sinus deep, subtubular. Outer-lip heavily variced but thin expanded edge. Protoconch small, smooth, of 2J-3 whorls . ETREMA Outer-lip heavily and bluntly variced. Protoconch of 3 whorls, strongly keeled. Apertural denticles and ridges very strong . GLYPHOSTOMA Protoconch of 2 whorls, 2nd with sharp thread on shoulder. LIENARDIA Protoconch paucispiral; lop-sided. Aperture trigonal, restricted. Apertural denticles fewer and stronger . ACRISTA Protoconch paucispiral; spirally grooved. Apertural denticles very few and very strong . THETIDOS Subfamily DAPHNELLINAE. 1. Sinus sutural, descending vertically and then sloping forwards almost at right angles, like a reversed or “mirror image” of an “L.” Protoconch polygyrate and diagonally cancellated. Shell elongate-oval; body-whorl deep and full. Surface elaborately reticulated. Whorls rounded . DAPHNELLA Shell “Drillia”-shaped, with moderately long canal. Whorls strongly keeled ..CRYPTODAPHNE Shell smooth except for subsutural gemmulate band . EUBELA Protoconch polygyrate, but with strong lamellate axials and inconspicuous diagonal inter¬ stitial lirae. Sculpture openly fenestrate; canal long; sinus very deep . VEPRECULA Protoconch polygyrate, but smooth and polished. Sinus quite shallow, very slightly drawn forward at suture. Whorls rounded. RUGOBELA Protoconch conical, 3-31 whorls, last 2 whorls with narrow curved axials. Outer-lip sweeping forward in a wing-like expansion. Shell large. Surfa.ce spirally striate; no axials . XANTHODAPHNE Protoconch paucispiral, blunt, with spirals dominant and transverse very weak interstitial lirae. Sculpture openly fenestrate . NEPOTILLA Sculpture of simple axials . STILLA Sculpture of regular spiral cords . ZEN EPOS Sculpture of dense axials and spirals. ASPERDAPHNE Sculpture of strong axials and spirals; gemmulate . PHILBERTIA 2. Reversed “I/’-sinus deflected at suture by heavy entering callus-pad so that it appears rounded and subtubular. Sculpture of axials and spirals; rendered gemmulate. Protoconch dome-shaped, lamellate axials dominating spirals of 2nd whorl PSEUDODAPHNELLA Protoconch paucispiral, 2| whorls, tip smoth and blunt, then spirally lirate with weak axial threads, last whorl openly diagonally cancellated . KERMIA Sculpture of heavy spiral keels. Protoconch blunt, paucispiral, spirally lirate. EUCYCLOTOMA 35 3 . Sinus as a very weak sutural excavation onl>. Protoconch polygyrate and diagonally cancellated. rounded . MAORIDAPHNE Sculpture of strong axials crossed by spiral coids. within aperture ...PUHA Axials stopped at concave shoulder. Weak pillar plications within aperture . Protoconch blunt, paucispiral, dome-shaped, minutely punctate. TELEOCHILUS Shell cylindrical; spirally grooved . Note: Doubts expressed as to the Turrid affinity of TcleochUus are allayed by the presence ot a definite sutural sinus in the allied Australian Recent genus, Benthofascis. 36 37 38 : J . fTT? Text fig. C. Turrid Protocoxctis (all to uniform scale of x 33 ). Description on page 43. 89 Text fig. D. Turrid Protoconchs (all to uniform scale of x 33) ; opercula, etc. (not to scale). Description on page 44. 40 Text fig. E. Turrid Labial Profiles (all figures brought to uniform size). Description on page 44. 41 Text fig. F. Torrid Labial Profiles (all figures brought to uniform size). Description on page 45. 42 DAPHNELLIN/E T ext 1 . o O o « 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8 . 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . Figure A. RADULAE (not to scale; majority of figures copied, as indicated). Gemmula sp. Slat. W.8. 742, Discovery II. Expd. 38- 22- 5: 73- 41- W. in 35 met. Turns babylonius (Gmelin) Indo-Paeific (after Troschel & Thiele, Pi. 3 , fig. 12 ). Drillia umbilicata (Gray) West Africa (after Thiele 1931, p. 357 ). “Surcula" magnifies Strebei. 500 metres Schollaert Channel, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica ( Leucosyrinx s.l.). v Ptychosyrinx bisinuata (Martens) East Africa (after Thiele, 1929, p. 359 ). Leucosyrinx crispulata Martens (after Thiele, 1931, p. 358). Pseudomelatoma rnoesta (Carpenter) California (after Thiele, 1931, p. 358). “Turricula” maculosa (Sowerby) La Paz, Mexico, Turricula javana (Linne) East Indies (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Clavatula rubrifasciata (Reeve) West Africa (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Perrona lineata (Lamarck) West Africa (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Clionella sinuata (Born) South Africa (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Pusionella nifat (Brug.) North Africa (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). (Central tooth absent.) Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby) Gulf of California (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Daphnella cancellata Hutton, N.Z. (after Thiele, 1931, p. 371). Neoguraleus murdochi (Finlay) Devonport, Auckland. Benthomangelia trophonoidea (Schepman) (after Thiele, 1931, p. 367). Phenatoma novaezelandiae (Reeve) N.Z. (after Thiele, 1931, p. 364). Microdrillia optima (Thiele) (Acrobela) East Africa (after Thiele, 1925, p. 204). Propebela turricula (Mont.) Boreal (after Troschel & Thiele, PI. 3, fig. 8 ). Text Figure B. PROTOCONCHS (all to uniform scale of X.33). (Gt. — Genotype.) 1 . Cryptoconus lineolatus Deshayes. Eocene, France. 2. Notogenota finlayi Powell n. sp. Up. Eocene, N.Z. 3. Waitara liratula Powell n. sp. Lr. Pliocene, N.Z. 4. Acamptogenotia intorta (Brocchi) Piedmont, Miocene (Gt.). 5. Marshallaria formosa (Allan). Up. Eocene, N.Z. 6 . Austrotoma cf. minor (Finlay). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. 7. Marshallena neozelanica (Suter). Up. Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 8 . Turricula javana (Linne). N .Annam. 9. Zemacies hamiltoni (Hutton). Mid. Eocene, N.Z. 10. Insolentia pareoraensis (Suter). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 11. Fenestrosyrinx nexilis bicarinata (Suter). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 12. Echinoturris finlayi (Powell). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 13. Micantapex angustatus Powell. Recent, N.Z. 14. Bathytoma bartrumi Laws. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. 15. Mitrellatoma angustata (Hutton, 1886). Mid. Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 16. Integradrillia integra (Ten.-Wds.). Mid. Miocene, Victoria (Gt.). 17. Liratomina sculptilis (Tate, 1888). Mid. Miocene, Victoria (Gt.). 18. Belatomina pulchra (Tate, 1888). Mid. Miocene, Victoria (Gt.). Text Figure C. PROTOCONCHS (all to uniform scale of X33). 1 . Paracomitas castlediffensis (Marshall & Murdoch). Up. Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt ). 2. Anticomitas vivens Powell n. sp. Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 3. Comitas (Carinacomitas) clarae (Ten.-Woods). Oligocene, Victoria (Gt.). 4. Comitas fusiformis (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 5. Tahusyrinx finlayi (Allan). Up. Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 6 . Parasyrinx alta (Harris). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 7. Lirasyrinx anomala Powell n. sp. Up. Oligocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 8 . Maoritomella albula (Hutton). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 9. Austroclavus finlayi Powell n. sp. Lower Miocene, N.Z. 10. Antimelatoma buchanani maorum (Smith). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 11. Mauidrillia praecophinodes (Suter). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 12. Tomopleura excavata (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. 13. Tahudrillia simplex Powell n. sp. Up. Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 14. Austrodri 11 ia ( Regie 1 , rillia) sola Powell n. sp. Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 15. Splendrillia aoteana Finlay. Recent N.Z.. 16. Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis (Hutton). Lp. Pliocene, N. Z. (Gt.). 17. Pseudoinquisitor problematicus Powell n. sp. Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23. 24. 25. 26. Inquisitor awamoaensis (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. Vixinquisitor vixumbilicata (Harris, 1897). Mid. Miocene, Victoria MicrodriIlia pakaurangia Powell n. sp. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. Phenatoma novaezelandiae (Reeve). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). Clavatoma pulchra Powell n. sp. Lr. Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). Maorimorpha suteri (Murdoch). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). Mitrithara alba (Petterd). Recent, Tasmania. Itia regis (Powell). Recent, N.Z. Vexithara nodosolirata (Suter). Mid Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). Text Figure D. PROTOCONCHS, 1-18 (all to uniform scale of X33). 1 Neoguraleus murdochi (Finlay). Recent, N.Z. 2. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) leptosomus (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N. 3. Vexiguraleus clifdenensis Powell n. sp. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 4. Antiguraleus otagoensis Powell n. sp. Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 5. Guraleus tasmanicus (Ten.-Wds.). N.S.W., Australia. 6. Anacithara finlayi Powell n. sp. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. 7. Liracraea epentroma Murdoch. Recent, N.Z. Gt.). 8. Heterocithara mediocris Odhner. Recent, N.Z. 9. Etrema aliciae (Melvill & Standen). Recent, Loyalty Is. (Gt). 10. Etremopsis erecta Powell n. sp. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. 11. Daphnella cancellata Hutton. Recent, N.Z. 12. Maoridaphne clifdenica (Laws). Lr. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 13. Rugobela tenuilirata (Suter). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 14 . Cryptodaphne pseudodrillia Powell n. sp. Lr. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 15. Veprecula cooperi Mestayer. Recent. N.Z. 16. Nepotilla vera Powell. Recent, N.Z. 17. Asperdaphne versivestita (Hedley). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 18. St ilia flexicostata Suter. Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). (Gt.). SHELLS (not to scale). 19. Notogenota pahiensis Powell n. sp. Mid. Eocene, N.Z. 75 x 26 mm. 20. Thatcheria mirabilis Angas. Recent, Japan. 21. Conus textile Linn. Recent, Fiji. 22. Waitara liratula Powell n. sp. Lr. Pliocene, N.Z. OPERCULA (all figures brought to uniform size). 23. “Turricula” maculosa (Sowerby). W. Mexico. 24. Crassispira pluto Pilsbry & Lowe. W. Mexico. 25. Acteadrillia otagoensis Powell n. sp. 50 f. Otago Heads, N.Z. 26. Xenuroturris legitima Iredale. Queensland. 27. Tomopleura pouloensis Jouss. Aden. 28. Pusionella nifat (Brug.). N. Africa. • 29. “Surcula” magnifica Strebel. Palmer Arch., Antarctic. Text Figure E. LABIAL PROFILES, SHOWING SINUS (all figures brought to uniform size) 1. Turris babylonius (Gmelin). Recent, Solomon Islands (Gt.). 2. Lophiotoma acuta (Perry) — tigrina (Lamarck) Recent Philippine Islands (Gt.). 3. Polystira barretti (Guppy). Miocene, Jamaica. 4. Gemmula granosa (Helbling). Recent, Japan. 5. Eoturris complicatus (Suter). Upper Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 6. Echinoturris finlayi (Powell). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 7. Xenuroturris cingulifera (Lamarck). Recent, Japan. 8. Bathytoma haasti (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. 9. Fenestrosyrinx nexilis bicarinata (Suter). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 10. Epidirona hedleyi (Iredale). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 11. Turricula flammea (Schumacher). Recent, East Indies (Gt.). 12. Zemacies elatior Finlay. Lower Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 13. Comitas fusiformis (Hutton). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 14. Paracomitas castlecliffensis (Marshall & Murdoch). Upper Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 15. Anticomitas vivens Powell n. sp. Recent. N.Z. (Gt.). 16. Cochlespira engonata Conrad. Mid. Eocene, Texas (Gt.). 44 17. Tahusyrinx finlayi (Allan). Upper Eocene N Z (Gt ) 18. Parasyrinx alta (Harris). Mid. Miocene, N Z (Gt ) ' 19. Ancistrosyrinx radiata Dali. Recent, West Indies. 20 . CI a vatu la asperulata (Lamarck). Miocene, Southern Europe. 21 . Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby). Recent, Gulf of California (Gt ) 22 . Pusionella nifat (Bruguiere). Recent, North Africa (Gt ) 23. Perrona jouanneti (Desmoulins). Miocene, Southern Europe 24. Conorbis dormitor (Sowerby). Eocene, Barton, England (Gt). 25. Cryptoconus filosus (Lamarck). Eocene, France (Gt ) 26 Acamptogenotia intorta (Brocchi). Piedmont, Miocene (Gt). 27. Belophos woodsi (Tate). Miocene, Tasmania (Gt.). 28. Austrotoma minor (Finlay). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. 29. Vexitomina metcalfei (Angas). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 30. Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb.). Recent, California (Gt.) 31. Surculites errans (Solander). Eocene, Barton, England. 32. Marshallaria spiralis (Allan). Upper Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 33. Marshallena neozelanica (Suter). Upper Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 34. Notogenota goniodes (Suter). Mid. Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). o5. Genota ramosa (Basterot). Miocene, Southern Europe. 36. Phenatoma novaezelandiae (Reeve). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 37. Phenatoma? incisa ophioderma (Dali). Recent, California. 38. Mitrellatoma angustata (Hutton). Mid. Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 39. Pseudoinquisitor problematicus Powell n. sp. Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). Text Figure F. LABIAL PROFILES, SHOWING SINUS (all figures brought to uniform size). 1. Clavatoma pulchra Powell n. sp. Lower Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 2. Antimelatoma buchanani maorum (Smith). Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 3. Microdrillia pakaurangia Powell n. sp. Lower Miocene, N.Z. 4. Tomopleura violacea (Hinds). Recent, Arabian Sea. 5. Austrodrillia angasi (Crosse). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 6 . Tahudrillia simplex Powell n. sp. Upper Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 7. Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis (Hutton). Upper Pliocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 8 . Mauidrillia praecophinodes (Suter). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 9. Austroclavus tenuispiralis (Marshall). Lower Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 10. Splendrillia aoteana Finlay. Recent, N.Z. 11. Cymatosyrinx lunata (Lea). Pliocene, Florida (Gt.). 12 & 13. Borsonia prima Bellardi. Miocene, Italy (Gt.). 14 & 15. Cordieria rudis (Hutton). Upper Eocene, N.Z. 16. Borsonella dalli (Arnold). Pliocene-Recent, California (Gt., after Oldroyd). 17. Mitrithara alba (Petterd). Recent, Tasmania (Gt., after Hedley). 18. Scobinella magnifica (Gabb.). Miocene, Dominican Republic (after Woodring). 19. Eoscobinella tahuia Powell n. sp. Upper Eocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 20. Guraleus pictus (Adams & Angas). Recent N.S.W. (Gt.). 21. Heterocithara bilineata (Angas). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 22. Etrema aliciae (Melvill & Standen). Recent, Loyalty Is. (Gt.). 23. Etrema curtisiana Hedley. Recent, Queensland (after Hedley). 24. Etremopsis erecta Powell n. sp. Lower Miocene, N.Z. 25. Eucithara brocha Hedley. Recent, Queensland (after Hedley). 26. Anacithara naufraga (Hedley). Recent, Queensland (Gt., after Hedley). 27. Daphnella cancellata Hutton. Recent, N.Z. 28. Asperdaphne versivestita (Hedley). Recent, N.S.W. (Gt.). 29. Cryptodaphne pseudodrillia Powell n. sp. Lower Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 30. Veprecula cooperi Mestayer. Recent, N.Z. 31. Nepotilla vera Powell. Recent, N.Z. 32. Stilla flexicostata Suter. Recent, N.Z. (Gt.). 33. Rugobela tenuilirata (Suter). Mid. Miocene, N.Z. (Gt.). 34. Philbertia philberti (Michaud). Recent, Mediterranean (Gt.). 35. Kermia benhami Oliver. Recent, Kermadec Is. (Gt.). 36. Eubela limacina Dali. Recent abyssal, Gulf of Mexico (Gt., after Dali). 45 turrinae. Genus Eoturris Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Type (o.d.) : Term complicate Suter. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene, N.Z. This is a New Zealand genus ranging from the Matau fauna ( ^° rt ° nia "* „ , tVlo (Waitakianl Upper Oligocene; allied to Gemnntla, but having a cons the peripheral keel on the should as in Eop^a (from the Eocene of the Paris Basin). Eopleurotonm, however is d stmct m ha' in | paucispiral protoconch, a short, gently twisted St the last two or three whorls as in Gemmula. Key to Species of Eoturris. Axials oblique, extending slightly over base. Periphery bluntly rounded. * mu lticinctus (Marshall) Axials 11 per whorl . Axials restricted to periphery. Periphery slightly angulate. * neglect us (Suter) Axials 10-12 per whorl . Periphery bluntly rounded. . Complicatus (Suter) Axials 14 per whorl, rounded ... (Suter) Axials 16 per whorl, “comma”-shaped . Eoturris multicinctus (Marshall, 1917). 1917 Turns multicinctus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 49, p. 456, PI. 36^1 34 (not PI. 35, t 32). ,937 Eoturris multicinctus : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 115. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: “Wangaloa” ? probably Castle Hill Shaft, Matau fauna (- Bortoman) Middle Eocene. Eoturris complicatus (Suter, 1917). 1917 1917 1917 1937 Turris complicatus Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 45, PI. 5, 1. 14. Surcula mordax Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 51 (non Martin, 1915). Turris uttlcyi : Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, PI. 6, f. 3 (but not the holotype, t. 2). Eoturris complicatus : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 115. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Eoturris neglectus (Suter, 1917) 1917 Turris neglectus Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 46, PL 6, f. 1. 1924 Turris insensus Finlay, Proc. Mai. Soc. 16, p. 103, nom. nov. for neglectus Suter, 1917; non Pleurotoma ncglccta Reeve, 1842. 1937 Eoturris insensus : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. lib. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: “N.Z.G.S. loc. 630, Teaneraki, Enfield near OamaruProbably McCullough’s Bridge. See Marwick N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech. 6 (5 & 6), p. 280. (Tahuian), Upper Eocene. The removal of Suter’s neglectus to Eoturris removes name conflict with Reeve’s species, making Finlay’s nom. nov. now unnecessary. ^Denotes a fossil species. 46 Eoturris uttleyi (Suter, 1917). 1917 Turns uttleyi Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 1937 Eoturris uttleyi Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. 5, p. 47, PI. 6, fig. 2 (but not fig. 3). Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 115. Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Type (o.d.) Genus Campylacrum Finlay & Marwick, 1937. C . sanum Finlay & Marwick. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous, N.Z. This is another member of the Gemini,la assemblage, nearest to Eoturris, but of smaller size different apex and twisted canal. So far it is known only from the Upper Cietaceous (Wangaloan). There is apparent relationship also with the Parisian Eocene ( .ryatnim Cossmann; both have a small, conic, polygyrate protoconch, and a wide, mod¬ erately deep, bluntly triangular sinus, situated on the keel, with the apex of the sinus not encircling the peripheral nodules, but occurring immediately above them. Campylacrum sanum Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Campylacrum sanum Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 86, PI. 12, figs. 3, 4 Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Wangaloa. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Campylacrum debile Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Campylacrum debile Finlay & Marwick N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 86, PI. 12, figs. 1, 2. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Wangaloa. (W r angaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Genus Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875. Type (s.d. Cossmann 1896, p. 62) : Plcurotoma gemmata. Recent, “Gulf of Magdalena, California,” Indo- Pacific, according to Tryon (1884, p. 173). —Eugcmmula Iredale, 1931. Typ e (o.d.) : E. hazvleyi Iredale. Recent, New South Wales and Queensland. Dali’s Cryptogemma (1918, p. 318), based on a thin-shelled deep-water species with a greenish periostracum (from the Gulf of Panama to Ecuador, 812-1,360 fathoms) re¬ sembles the New Zealand Eocene narrow Gemmulas such as polita and waihaoensis. Un¬ fortunately, all known examples of the genotype of Cryptogemma have the apex eroded and of the nine West American species ascribed to the genus by Dali (1921, pp. 70-71) all have been distributed elsewhere; Cryptoge-.nma typical being synonymised with Hcmiplcu- rotoma (Grant & Gale 1931, pp. 570, 571). When more is known concerning the genotype of Gemmula , Iredale’s Eugemmula may prove preferable for the New Zealand members, but meanwhile the conventional usage of Gemmula is here continued. The New Zealand Gemmulas have a tall narrowly conic protoconch of 5-6 whorls, the tip smooth, but the following whorls with regular axials. The New Zealand range is (Bortonian) Middle Eocene to (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Key to N.Z. Species of Gemmula. 1. Periphery bluntly angled; tuberculate. Shell elongate-fusiform. Spire about li times lijiglit of aperture. Spire whorls (including shoulder) and base with numerous spiral threads. Subsutural border bearing two smooth threads. Tubercles 14-15 per whorl . * reticulata (Marshall) Tubercles 18-24 per whorl .. * margaritata (Marshall) Shoulder smooth; strong, close spaced spirals below keel and on base. Subsutural border a single gemmulate cord. Tubercles 17 per whorl, sharp, on a double keel . * polita (Marshall) 47 2 Shoulder with weak spirals; wide-spaced spirals below keel and on base. Subsutural border sparsely gemmulate, but no raised coi c. Tubercles 17-20 per whorl, blunt, laterally compressed . Shoulder with weak spirals; base with 3 strong wide-spaced spirals above wide-spaced threads. Tubercles 15-16 per whorl, strong, pointed . Periphery with strong projecting rounded tubercular collar. *u’aihaocnsis Finlay followed by *longwoodensis n. sp. Spire up to 1| times height of aperture. Base with 3 strong wide-spaced spirals, followed by weaker spirals Subsutural border plain. Two close spaced cords forming carina. Tubercles 17-20 per whorl . Tubercles 30 per whorl. Three close spaced cords forming carina. Tubercles 22-24 per whorl . *kaiparaensis (Marshall) . *lctzvsi n. sp. ■■'clifdenensis n. sp Base with 8-9 close-spaced spirals. Tubercles 24 per whorl . Base with 2 wide spaced, strong spirals and weak intermediates. Subsutural border moniliform. Tubercles sharp, 16-18 per whorl . Base with 2 strong followed by 2 weak, wide spaced spirals. Subsutural border plain. Tubercles 16 per whorl. Base with 1 weak followed by 4 strong wide-spaced spirals. Subsutural border gemmulate. Tubercles 16 per whorl . *oniata (Marshall) *orbci Marwick *bimarginata (Suter) _ * duplex (Suter) Spire about twice height of aperture. Subsutural gemmules subobsolete. Tubercles 14 per whorl . Subsutural border plain. Tubercles 16-20 per whorl . . . . .. *disjuncta Laws operas per a Marwick Gemmula margaritata (Marshall, 1919), 1919 Turris margaritatus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 230, PI. 17, f. 2. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Gemmula reticulata (Marshall, 1919). 1919 Turris reticulatus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 231, PI. 17, f. 8. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Gemmula polita (Marshall, 1919). 1919 Turns politus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 230, PI. 17, f. 9. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Gemmula duplex (Suter, 1917). 1917 Turris duplex Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 45, PI. 5, f. 15. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge; N.Z.G.S. loc. 479, Waihao River, South Canterbury. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. (Dr. Marwick informs me that loc. 479 had a few Bor¬ tonian strays from up the river, so is best regarded as composite.) 48 Gemmula bimarginata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Turns bimarginakis Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5 , p. 44 , pi. 5 , f. 13 . Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: ‘ N.Z.G.S. loc. 630, Teaneraki, Enfield, near Oamaru.” Probably McCullough’s Bridge, see Marwick N.Z. Journ. Sci. Tech. 6 (5 & 6), p. 280. (Tahuian) Upper rjocene. Gemmula waihaoensis Finlay, 1924. 1917 Turns regius Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 46, PI. 12 , 1 . 14. Non Bolten, 1798. iy^4 Gemmula waihaoensis Finlay, Proc. Mai. Soc. 16, p. 103. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality. McCulloughs Bridge. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Gemmula longwoodensis n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 13. . She11 sma11 ’ narr °wly fusiform. Peripheral angle just below middle, bearing strong pointed tubercles, 15-16 per whorl. Spiral sculpture weak on spire whorls; a fine thread submaigining suture, two very weak threads, close together on the otherwise smooth shouldei, and two ciisp narrow cords between peripheral angle and lower suture. The body-whoil has thiee lather strong, but narrow, wide-spaced spirals) above, followed by 11 weakei, wide-spaced spirals on the neck and canal. Protoconch sharply and narrowly conical of 6 whorls, the tip smooth, but the remaining whorls with regular, rather distant narrow axials. Sinus deep, on peripheral angle. Height 10.7 mm.; diameter 4 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities. N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 2563, 170 chains at 307° from Waihoka Corner; 2564 Marly mudstone, 75 chains at 295° from Waihoka Corner, Longwood, S.D. Orepuki, South¬ land. (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. (Holotype.) Gemmula ornata (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Turris ornatus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 268, PI. 18, figs. 8 , 8 a. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Gemmula kaiparaensis (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Turris kaiparaensis Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 268, PI. 18, figs. 9, 9a. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (type) ; N.Z.G.S. loc. 1272 Ihungia Series, Gis¬ borne; road cutting 1 mile west of tunnel at north entrance to Awakino Gorge. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. The Awakino examples have slightly smaller and more numerous gemmules, 21-22 per whorl compared wdth 17-20 in kaiparaensis, but other details so closely coincide that separation is scarcely warranted. However, two further members of the kaiparaensis group are here separated specifically, as they exhibit greater divergence. One has a triple spiralled keel instead of a bicarinate one, and the other has distinctive strong dense shoulder spirals, taller spire and very numerous tubercles. Gemmula clifdenensis n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 14. Species closely resembling kaiparaensis, but the peripheral keel bears more numer¬ ous tubercles and is encircled by three narrow, sharply raised spiral cords, instead of being bicarinate. The tubercles are 17-20 per whorl in kaiparaensis and 22-24 in clifden- 49 arsis. The suture is submargined by a moderate smooth thread, the shoulder bears o- weak threads, and below the keel on the body-whorl are three wide-spaced spiral cords followed by close-spaced threads on the neck. Height, 18 mm.; diameter, 7 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Gemmula lawsi n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 12. Species related to kai paracusis, but with far more numerous tubeicles, on a bicaiinait keel; having a taller spire and much stronger, more numerous spiral threads on the shoulder. Spire almost 1-1 times height of aperture; bicarinate keel at lower third ^peri¬ pheral tubercles fine, moniliform, 30 per whorl; subsutural border flat, distinct, nnely spirally striated. Shoulder sculptured with 12 strong linear-spaced coids. Bod>-whoil with three wide-spaced, strong spirals above, followed by weaker wide-spaced coids with from 1-5 fine threads in the interspaces. Height, 24.6 mm.; diameter, 8 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Gemmula peraspera Marwick, 1931. 1931 Gemmula peraspeva Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Pull. 13, p. 133, PI. 15, f. 276. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Ormond Series, N.Z.G.S. loc. 1322 (type) and 1332, Gisborne. (?Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Gemmula orba Marwick, 1931. 1931 Gemmula orba Marwick, N.Z. Gsol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 133, PI. 15, f. 2t i. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Ormond Series, N.Z.G.S., loc. 1322 (type) Gisborne. (?Urenuian) Upper Mio¬ cene. Gemmula disjuncta Laws, 1936. 1928 Turns cf. duplex Bartrum & Powell, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, p. 151. 1936 Gemmula disjuncta Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 66, p. 120, PI. 17, f. 82. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: Kaawa Creek, S. of Port Waikato. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Genus Eehinoturris n. gen. Type: “Turris” finlayi Powell, 1935. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. When the species “Turris” finlayi was described (Powell, 1935, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1 (pt. 6), p. 338) I noted that the generic location was provisional. While the species cer¬ tainly belongs to the subfamily Turrinae , it cannot be conveniently placed in any of the known genera, and I do not know of another species quite like it. The blunt, round- topped, cylindrical-sided, smooth protoconch of two whorls, ending with a few closely spaced thin axials recalls that of Gemmula and Eoturris, but only in a general way, as in both of these the protoconch is conic, with more numerous whorls. The most distinctive features of Eehinoturris are the bicarinate series of sparse prickly nodules, and the rather deep V-shaped sinus on the upper carina. True Turris has the sinus on a special rib im¬ mediately above the carina. 50 Echinoturris finlayi (Powell, 1935). 1935 “Turns” finlayi Powell. Rec., Auck. Inst. Mus. 1 ( 6 ), p. 338, PI. 78, figs. 28, 29, Holotype in Auckland Museum. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1294, north bank Waihora River, N. of first ford, 4 m. E. from road turning off to Kanakanaia Settlement, Waingaromia S.D. (Ihungia series = Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Bathytoma Harris & Burrows, 1891. (Nom. nov. for Dolichotoma Bellardi, 1875, non Hope 1839.) (Type (monotypy): Plcurotoma cataphracta Brocchi, Pliocene, North Italy. New Zealand Hutchinsonian and Awamoan species are undoubtedly congeneric with the European Pliocene genotype, having an identical conical, pointed, polygyrate pro¬ toconch. The genus has been credited with a wide Tertiary to Recent range, but apart from European occurrences and the New Zealand species listed below, all others so far examined prove to have a blunt paucispiral protoconch as in the following genus Micaniapex. Key to N.Z. Species of Bathytoma. Periphery finely gemmulate, 29-36 on penultimate. Basal spirals finely gemmulate. Keel from one third whorl height to just below middle . Viaasti (Hutton) Keel at lower suture. * 7 nitchelsoni Powell Periphery with strong prickly nodules, 14-22 on penultimate. Keel with 14 distant nodules on penultimate. Basal spirals granulated . *bartrumi Laws Keel with 22 nodules on penultimate. Basal spirals nodulated, wide spaced, few ... *finlayi Laws Bathytoma haasti (Hutton, 1877). 1887 C lava till a haasti Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 9, p. 595, PI. 16, f. 5. 1915 Bathytoma haasti Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 37. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: Mt. Harris (type), White Rock River; Sutherlands; Blue Cliffs, S. Canterbury. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Odd specimens from the following three localities may require separation later; the shoulder spirals are weaker and the basal cords mostly have only one interstitial thread, but on the other hand occasional topotypes show these same tendencies, c.f. haasti. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1042 Argillaceous sandstone, Waikaka Rd., 2\ miles N. from junc¬ tion of Whenuokura Rd., Aria S.D. Tangarakau Mahoenui beds (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2172 Mohakatino Valley, opposite end of Purapura Track, Mokau; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2933 Track, north bank, Mokau River, at the big bend 3 m. E. of Mokau Township, f m. S.S.W. of Pukewhero Trig, Awakino N. S.D. (Mokau = Awamoan ?) Middle Miocene. Bathytoma mitchelsoni Powell, 1935. 1935 Bathytoma mitchelsoni Powell. Rec., Auck. Inst. Mus. 1, p. 337, PI. 77, figs. 15, 16. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Locality: Motutara, tuffs. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Bathytoma bartrumi Laws, 1939. 1939 Bathytoma bartrumi Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68 , p. 496, PI. 63, f. 25. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. 51 Bathytoma finlayi Laws, 1939. 1939 Bathytoma finlayi 1939. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 497, PI. 63, f. 23. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Clifden (bed C. left side of Waiau River) Southland. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Micantapex Iredale, 1936. Type (o.d.): Bathytoma agnata Hedley & Petterd, 1906. Recent, 250 fath. off Sydney, N.S.W. As already stated (Powell, 1940, p. 244) I have advocated the use of Micantapex for the Austro-Neozelanic Recent-Tertiary Bathytoma-Uke shells, which differ from true Bathy¬ toma in having a blunt, smooth paucispiral apex. Similar shells, however, have a wide distribution in deep water, occurring in the Indian Ocean, Japan and the West Indies. More than likely further separation of the Bathytoma -like shells will be found necessary but for the present only the Austro-Neozelanic members are considered. True Bathytoma, with its conical, pointed, polygyrate, protoconch certainly occurs in New Zealand Hut¬ chinsonian to Awamoan horizons, but so far no true Bathytoma has been located in the Australian region, either Recent or fossil. The New Zealand series, congeneric with the local so-called Bathytoma murdochi Finlay, 1930 (= PI. (Efemipleurotoma) nodilirata (Mur¬ doch & Suter) has its nearest Australian Tertiary relative in the (Kalimnan) Lower Pliocene Genotia pritchardi Tate, 1894. Congeneric with this Kalimnan species are the Australian Tertiary Pleurotoma rhomboidalis Ten.-Woods, 1880 (Balcombian), Genotia de¬ composite Tate, 1894 (Janjukian) and Genotia fontinalis Tate, 1894 (Janjukian). The generic name Micantapex, provided for the Recent Bathytoma agnata Hedley & Pritchard, from 250 fathoms off Sydney, New South Wales, a species known to me only from the original figure (which is in profile), appears to be an available name for this Bathytoma- like series. The Australian Tertiary (Kalimnan) Pleurotoma sayceana Chapman, 1912, although considered by its author to be close to tuberculata Kirk (= murdochi Finlay) really belongs to a distinct unnamed group which occupies a mid position between Micantapex and Epi- dirona. This matter will receive attention in the section on the Australian Turridae, which awaits publication. Neither the radula nor the operculum of any of the Austro-Neozelanic species ascribed to Micantapex is known, but the apparently related West Indian abyssal Genota viabninnea Dali, 1889, is described as having an operculum that is “thin, horny, elongated and pointed at the anterior end, which is the nucleus.” Pleurotoma (Genota) engonia Watson, 1881, from 345 fath. off Japan, and Genota atractoides Watson, 1881, from 375 fathoms off the Philippines, also belong to Micantapex as herein interpreted. The Parisian Eocene genus Epalxis Cossmann, 1889, bears considerable resemblance to the narrow forms of Micantapex, having a similar apex, sinus and canal, but the sculp¬ ture is suggestive of a different group. In New Zealand the range of Micantapex is (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene to Recent. Key to N.Z. Species of Micantapex. 1. Shell moderately to broadly biconic. Periphery strongly angled. Peripheral keel as double row of beaded cords. Subsutural border prominent. Keel just below middle. Peripheral nodules very numerous (30 per whorl) Keel near lower suture. Peripheral keel formed of 4-5 beaded cords. Subsutural border absent. *pergracilis (Marwick) *tenuinetus (Marwick) • • * me dins (Marwick) • ■ • • *filaris (Marwick) 52 Peiiplieial keel ot' one strong beaded cord, margined above and below by weaker cords. .Subsutural border distinct . •proem,* (Marwick) Peripheral keel crossed by 3 strong spirals. Subsutural border of 2 moniliform cords . *ngatapa (Marwick) la. First cord immediately below keel always weak. Peripheral keel divided by 3 spiral grooves. Subsutural border strong. Keel broad, massive, low down near suture. Nodules 15-17 per whorl. About 10 main spirals on body-whorl; those on neck with intermediates . *fortinodosus (Marwick) Peripheral keel bearing 3-4 spiral threads. Subsutural border distinct. Keel broad, low down, adjoining suture. Nodules 13-16 per whorl. About 10 main spirals on body-whorl; without inter¬ mediates . finlayi Powell Nodules 16-17 per whorl. About 12 main spirals on body-whorl; lower half with intermediates . *proavitus n. sp. Keel broad, below middle, but with emergent cords beneath, on spire-whorls. Nodules 15-17 per whorl. From 6-7 main spirals on body-whorl; without inter¬ mediates . *paucispiralis n. sp. Nodules 20-22 per whorl. About 16 main spirals with some intermediates 2. Shell narrowly fusiform. '"miirdochi (Finlay) Periphery strongly angled, bearing 3-4 spiral threads. Subsutural border a moderately broad beaded fold. Base with 3 wide-spaced strong upper spirals followed by 10 closer spaced threads angustatus Powell Base with 8 wide-spaced strong cords followed by 6 closely spaced threads . .*hawera (Laws) 3. Shell broadly fusiform, inflated. Peripheral keel weakly angled; double row of nodules. Subsutural border of 1-2 beaded cords on broad band. Spiral sculpture dominant. Peripheral nodules 30 per whorl; obsolete over lower whorls . * disc or s n. sp. Micantapex pergracilis (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epideira pergracilis Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 134, PI. 15, f. 278. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1272, 1293 (type), 1342 ? Ihungia Series, Gisborne. (Hutchin- sonian) Lower Miocene. Micantapex praecisus (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epideira praecisa Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Survey. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 134, PI. 15, f. 282. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1293 (type), 1342, Ihungia Series. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; 1243, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Micantapex medius (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epideira media Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 135, PI. 15, f. 283. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1295, 1328 (type), Ihungia Series. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; 1275, 1646, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Micantapex ngatapa (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epideira ngatapa Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 135, PI. 15, f. 280. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1272, 1340 (type), 1342, 1358 Ihungia Series. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; 1251, 1360, 1615a, 1626, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene; N.Z.G.S. loc. 1133 coast from Mimi Stream north for 1 mile, Wai- tara S.D., Taranaki. (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. 53 Micantapex filaris (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epidcira filaris Marwick. N.Z. Gcol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 134, PI. 15, 1. 2/9. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1243, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Micantapex tenuinetus (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Epidcira tenuincta Marwick. N.Z. Gcol Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 136, f. 285. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1322, 1332 (type), Ormond Series, Gisborne. (Urenuian), Upper Miocene; 1543 Mangawhero Creek, Taramarama (S.W.) S.D. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Micantapex discors n. sp. PL 13, fig. 5. Species readily distinguished by its inflated whorls, blunt, not very prominent median peripheral angle, shallowly concave shoulder and tendency for the spiral sculpture to dominate the axial. Whorls about 8 (apex missing). Spire less than height of aperture. About 30 close-spaced small blunt nodules as a double row forming the peripheral keel. (These are very indistinct both in the holotype and in the Mapiri specimen, being con¬ fined to the early whorls, but in two fragmentary paratypes the nodules persist strongly down to the body-whorl.) Suture submargined by a broad band crossed by one or two cords which are rendered regularly nodulose by oblique lines of growth; shoulder bearing- one or two subobsolete spirals; double strong cords forming peripheral angle, and 2-4 weaker cords between it and the lower suture. The body-whorl has 24 moderately strong linear-spaced smooth cords and a few obscure ones on the fasciole. Height, 25.1 mm.; diameter, 10.5 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1515, beds below pumiceous sandstone, Mapiri North Beach, Paritu S.D., near base of Mapiri beds (Taranakian) Upper Miocene; N.Z.G.S. loc. 706 Clyde, Wairoa River, Hawke’s Bay (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. (Holotype.) Further material may show that two species are represented. However, the typical form with subobsolete axials occurs in both the Taranakian and the Waitotaran. Micantapex fortinodosus (Marwick, 1931.) 1931 Epidcira fortinodosa Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 135, PI. 15, f. 284. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 1325 (type), (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. 1332, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. This species is directly ancestral to paucispiralis n. s.p. Micantapex proavitus n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 4. Species diiectly ancestial to the finely sculptured typical form of murdochi, differing in having a shorter spire and a broader peripheral keel, which is low-set on the spire whorls, leaving scarcely any space for spirals between it and the lower suture. Shell solid, broadly fusiform. Spire less than height of aperture. Whorls 7, including typical protoconch. Peripheral carina wide, massive, rounded and prominently projecting, situ¬ ated low down close to lower suture and bearing 16-17 bluntly rounded nodules, crossed by four distinct spiral threads. Subsutural border narrow, rendered weakly nodulous by axial growth lines. Body-whorl with about 12 narrow, sharply raised, smooth spiral 54 cords, wide spaced above, but closer and with intermediates over the lower half of the base, and about 8 fine, closely spaced threads on the fasciole. The broad shoulder is crossed by subobsolete spiral lirations. Height, 18.75 mm.; diameter, 9 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 2314, near Rangitoto Junction, 2\ miles at 355° from Trig. 22, Motuotaiaia (N.W.) S.D., Dannevirke (Holotype) ; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2317, grey sand¬ stone below Te Aute limestone, 66 chains at 310° from Trig. N., Takapau (N.E.) S.D., Dannevirke. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. A single fragmentary specimen from the latter locality has stronger spiral lirations on the shoulder and evidence of a taller spire, but is otherwise typical. Micantapex hawera (Laws, 1940). 1940 Bathytoma hawera Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 56, PI. 7, f. 23. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Hawera, (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Micantapex paucispiralis n. sp. PL 13, fig. 2. Shell solid, broadly fusiform. Whorls 7L including typical protoconch. Spire whorls with a massive rounded median carina and a strong subsutural border. Peripheral carina bearing 15-17 strong rounded nodules crossed by four very weak and indistinct spiral threads. Subsutural border rendered nodulous where crossed by axial growth lines. Spiral sculpture strong, consisting of 1-2 smooth cords between the peripheral carina and the lower suture, and a further 4-5 on the base, making 6-7 on the body-whorl from the carina to the fasciole. There are no interstitial spirals, but the fasciole bears 5-6 distinct close-spaced threads. Spire about same height as aperture. Height, 20.4 mm.; diameter, 8 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 2612, mudstone, east bank Makara Stream, 30-35 chains upstream from Ruakakapatuna Junction (Holotype) ; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2610, Makara Stream, about 50 chains up from Ruakakapatuna Junction, outcrop forming W. side of stream, Waipawa S.D., Wairarapa (Lower Nukumaruan) ; yellowish sandstone, Roto Kuri Id., Inner Harbour, Napier (Upper Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Micantapex murdochi (Finlay, 1930). PL 13, fig. 1. 1882 Pleurotoma tiiberculata Kirk. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 14, p. 409. Non Gray. 1893 Pleurotoma Hibcrculata : Hutton. Macleay Mem. Vol. Plioc. Moll. p. 50, PI. 6, f. 29. 1906 Pleurotoma (Hemiplcurotoma) nodilirata Murdoch & Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 2S4. Nom. nov. for P. tiiberculata Kirk, non Gray. 1930 Bathytoma murdochi Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 46. Nom. nov. for PI. (H.) nodilirata Murd. & Sut., non Smith, 1878. Lectotype and 7 syntypes in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Owing to great variation in the spiral element of the sculpture in the Nukumaruan murdochi, exact limits are difficult to fix. Species of the group range from the Opoitian fortinodosa to the Recent deep-water finlayi. The main line of development is represented by species having few, strong', wide-spaced spiral cords on the base, without intei medi¬ ate threads: the Opoitian fortinodosa— the Lower and Upper Nukumaruan paucispiralis and the Recent finlayi. Parallel with this series is a group in which the basal spirals are weaker, more numerous and with intermediate threads. This is the gioup of iiiiu doclu tvpical, commencing with the Waitotaran proavitus and leaching the Upper Nukumaiuan in murdochi. 55 In Lower Nukumaruan localities the two forms, paucispiralis and murdochi, seem quite distinct, but in the Upper Nukumaruan there is a tendency to intergrade, although almost invariably murdochi is from the blue clays and paucispiralis the yellowish sand¬ stones. These forms may yet be found to have ecological or bathymetric significance; meanwhile the two extremes are separated specifically. Again, parallel to both of the above mentioned groups is a narrowly fusiform series represented by the Waitotaran hawera and the Nukumaruan-Recent august at as. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 2656, sandy mudstone, 80 chains at 243° from Trig. 54, Tahoraite (N.W.) S.D.; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2687, road bend, 108 chains at 35° from Trig. 55, Taho¬ raite (S.W.) S.D., Dannevirke (Lower Nukumaruan) ; N.Z.G.S. loc. 2330, blue grey sands above Te Aute limestone, 171 chains at 340 from Trig. P. 1, Takapau, Taho¬ raite (N.E.) S.D.; Petane (type); Caron Creek; Devil’s Elbow, Napier-Wairoa Road; middle of Newton Range (upper marl), Tutira, Hawke’s Bay (Upper Nuku¬ maruan) Middle Pliocene. Micantapex angustatus Powell, 1940. 1906 Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) nodilirata Murdoch & Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38 (PI. 22, f. 11, only; Castlecliff). 1940 Micantapex angustatus Powell. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 245, PI. 31, f. 7. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Localities: Nukumaru; cliff opposite Eskdale Bridge, Petane (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene; Castlecliff, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene; 26 fath. off Wai- kuku Beach, North Cape (Holotype) ; 23 fath. off Ahipara; 110 fath. off Great Barrier Island. Micantapex finlayi Powell, 1940. PI. 13, fig. 3. 1906 Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) nodilirata Murdoch & Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 284 (in part). 1940 Micantapex finlayi Powell. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 245. Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Recent, 110 fathoms off Great Barrier Island. The species is distinguished from murdochi by having fewer peripheral nodules, only 13-16 per whorl, and narrower basal spirals, the upper ones being much wider spaced. Micantapex sp. 1881 Pleurotoma (Genota) engonia Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. 15, p. 405 (but not the type). Suter (1913, p. 492) included this species in the New Zealand fauna as Bathytoma engonia , following Watson, 1886, who cited for it two localities:— (?) Station 169. 700 fath. N.E. from New Zealand, and Station 232. 345 fath. off Inosima, Japan. Suter by first citing the New Zealand station and then adding “Also off Inosima,” etc., gave the impression that the former station was the type locality, but this was not in¬ tended by Watson, for he prefixed the New Zealand station with a query, and then remarked of the specimen: “It is very much rubbed—”. Moreover, his figure is that of a perfectly preserved shell, which leaves no doubt that Japan is the type locality. Since there is little likelihood of specific identity between Turrids with the paucispiral style of apex, from such widely separated localities, the New Zealand shell, which has not since been met with, is best regarded as an unnamed Micantapex. Genus Fenestrosyrinx Finlay, 1926. Type (o.d.): 7 urns nexilis bicarinatus Suter. (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene, N.Z. A group of miniature, openly fenestrate sculptured Bathytoma-Wke shells, but with a much shallower sinus, the apex of which is on the peripheral keel. Sinus angles of ap- 56 proach unequal, being steep and straight above, but protractively arcuate below. Proto¬ conch paucispiral, of barely two whorls, papillate, slightly globose, apparently smooth, but under high magnification there is a dense pattern of minute spiral striations and punctures. Pillar suddenly and sharply obliquely truncated by the inflection of a short open canal. The genus is of Upper Pliocene to Recent occurrence in New Zealand, and is represented in the Australian Recent fauna by Hemipleurotoma mayi Verco, 1909, Daph- nella vestalis Hedley, 1903, and Daphnclla granata Hedley 1922. Key to Species of Fenestrosyrinx. Shell squat and wide. Spire lower than aperture. Body-whorl with 6 main spirals . grafwsa (Suter) Shell more elate. Spire generally higher than aperture. Body-whorl with 5 main spirals. Peripheral spiral very prominent, forming a sharp jutting keel on all whorls.. *nexilis (Hutton) Pei iphei al spiial not prominent, two equal keels on spire whorls. Body-whorl bluntly keeled . nexilis bicarinata (Suter) Fenestrosyrinx gratiosa (Suter, 1908). 1908 Bathytoma gratiosa Suter. Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, p. 186, PI. 7, f. 19. 1913 Bathytoma gratiosa : Suter. Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 493. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: 18 fath. Port Pegasus, Stewart Island (type) ; Dusky Sound (dredged). Fenestrosyrinx nexilis (Hutton, 1885). 1885 Clathurella ? nexilis Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 317, PI. 18, f. 9. (Holotype and 2 paratypes separated from Hutton’s svntypes by Suter 1915, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 34.) Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: “Wanganui (Pliocene)” (type); Castlecliff, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Fenestrosyrinx nexilis bicarinata (Suter, 1915). 1885 Clathurella ? nexilis Hutton (partim). Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 317. (Five of Hutton’s syn- types of nexilis separated by Suter 1915, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 34.) 1915 Turris (Hemipleurotoma) nexilis bicarinatus • Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 34. 1919 Leucosyrinx thomsoni Mestayer, 1919. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 133, PI. 8, f. 5. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: “Wanganui (Pliocene)” type of bicarinatus (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene; off Hen and Chickens Islands in 25-26 fathoms (type of thomsoni). TURRICULINAE. Genus Comitas Finlay, 1926. Type (o.d.) : Surcula oamarutica Suter (- Drillia jusiformis Hutton). (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. This is typically a Mid-Tertiary group, represented in both Australia and New Zea¬ land, but reaching Recent times only in New Zealand with C. trailli (Hutton). In shape and sinus the genus resembles the tropical Turricnla (= Surcula auct.), but Comitas has a two-whorled, papillate, smooth protoconch, which although not large, is of much greater size than the minute three-whorled apex of / urncula, as seen in javana Linn., a near relative of flannnca Schumacher, the genotype. The apex of the protoconch in both Turricnla and Comitas is asymmetrical, but that of the former is planorbid, and that of the latter paucispiral. Also in Comitas , the axials are longer, moie /h/vwv-like, and the sutuie is only weakly submargined. Fusiturncula Woodring, 1928 (p. 165), type, Tile ns (Surcula) fusinella Dali, Recent, Gulf of Panama, may be congeneric with C omit as, but I lack material to make the comparison. Grant and Gale 1931 (p. 489) unite Tropisurcula Casey, 1904 and Fusiturricula under Pleurofusia de Gregorio, 1890, but these authors, influenced by Dali’s later papers on the Turridae, have practically ignored nuclear characters throughout, and in other instances in their work have thus synonymised widely sundered groups. Two Australian Tertiary members are Pleurotoma zvynyardensis Pritchard (Janjukian) and Pleurotoma salebrosa Harris (Balcombian). Key to Species of Comitas. A. Shell narrowly fusiform. 1. Axials rounded, rather long, fold-like, extending from just above shoulder angle to or slightly below lower suture. Shoulder at about two-thirds whorl height. Spiral sculpture dense, with wider spaced stronger threads. Axials 7 per whorl, broadly rounded, vertical . ^latiaxialis (Marshall) Spiral sculpture of strong rounded cords. Axials 11 per whorl, broadly rounded, vertical . trailli (Hutton) Spiral sculpture of numerous weak cords and intermediate threads. Axials 12-13 per whorl, narrowly rounded, oblique . *onokeana King Shoulder just above middle of whorl height. Axials 10-12 per whorl, broadly rounded, slightly oblique. Spirals moderate, with intermediate threads (height 30-G0 mm.) - *fusiformis (Hutton) Spirals strong, sharply raised (height 25 mm.) . '•■kaipara Laws Shoulder at about one third whorl height. Axials about 12 per whorl, very oblique .-. ■•imperfecta King 2. Axials narrow, obliquely flexuous. Shoulder above middle . *solitaria (King) 3. Axials weak, confined to periphery. Spiral sculpture of strong crisp cords. Axials 13 per whorl . *al!ani n. sp. 4. Axials as blunt rounded knobs occupying one third whorl height. Base with regular spiral threads. Axials 9-10 per whorl. Shell height 25 mm. *abnormis King Axials 11-12 per whorl. Shell height 19 mm. *dcclivis Powell Base with two prominent cords as well as weak spirals. Axials 12-13 per whorl; longer than wide on body-whorl . *bilix Marwick B. Shell broadly fusiform. Axials very blunt and broadly rounded, not prominent, restricted to a massive rounded peri¬ pheral bulge. Shoulder deeply concave, almost channelled . * latescens (Hutton) Comitas latiaxialis (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Sureula latiaxialis Marshall. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 267, PI. 20, f. 3. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Comitas kaipara Laws, 1939. 1939 Comitas kaipara Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 497, PI. 65, f. 44. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Comitas latescens (Hutton, 1873). PI. 13, fig. 7. 1873 Pleurotoma latescens Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 4. Plolotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Mount Brown, North Canterbury. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Comitas fusiformis (Hutton, 1877). 1873 Pleurotoma trailli Hutton. Cat, Tert. Moll., p. 4 (June), non Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 11 (May). Awamoa. ^ * Ottilia ftisifotmis Hutton, fiians. N.Z. Inst. 9, p. 59o, non Pleurotoma fusiformis Sowerby 1823 (not homonyms). 58 1914 1917 1924 1926 Surcula huttoni Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 2, p. 28, nom. ticiilli Hutton, 1873 (June), non (May), Awanioa. Surcula oamarutica Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 51, pi. 6, Turricula oamarutica : Finlay. Proc. Mai. Soc. 16, p. 104. Comites oamarutica : Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 251. nov. for Pleurotoma figs. 9, 10. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: Mt. Harris, S. Canterbury (type of fusiformis); “Oamaru” (type of oamarutica. Most likely Horn Rifle Butts, by colour and preservation of specimens); Awamoa, neai Oamaru (type of trailli Hutton 1873 (June) ) ; Dyer’s Run; and Sutherland’s, South Canterbury; Pukeuri and Target Gully, near Oamaru. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Comitas abnormis King, 1933. 1933 Comitas abnormis King. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 348, PI. 37, f. 17. Holotvpe in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Mouth of Putangirua Creek, Palliser Bay, Hurupi Series. (Tongaporutuan) Upper Miocene. Comitas imperfecta King, 1933. 1933 Comitas imperfecta King. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 349, PI. 35, f. 2. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Marls 1 m. below Turanganui Gorge, S. Wairarapa, Hurupi Series. (Tongapo¬ rutuan) Upper Miocene. Comitas bilix Marwick, 1931. 1931 Comitas bilix Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 137, PI. 15, f. 286. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Ormond Series, loc. 1290, Gisborne. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Comitas declivis Powell, 1931. 1931 Comitas declivis Powell. Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1, p. 107, PI. 14, f. 41. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Locality: Waihi Beach, Hawera. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Comitas onokeana King, 1933. 1933 Comitas onokeana King. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 348, PI. 37, f. 16. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs E. of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay. (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Comitas allani n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, fusiform, with spire slightly taller than apeituie plus canal. Whorls 8, including typical two-whorled protoconch. The species resembles imperfecta King, 1933, but has stronger spiral sculpture and the axials still further reduced and not so oblique. The shoulder is only lightly concave and the angulation is just about half the whorl height. Axials broadly-rounded, but very weak, not reaching lower suture and barely encroaching on the smooth shoulder; they number 13 on the pentultimate. Spiral cords strong, flat-topped, four primaries and some intermediates on spire-whorls and about 18 on base and neck. Sinus and aperture typical. Height, 26.75 mm.; diameter, 10 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. 1 inlay collection). Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1543 mudstone and argillaceous sandstone beds, Mangawhero Stream, Taramarama (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene; Devil s Elbow, Napier-Wairoa Road (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene (Holotype; collected by 1 . R. S. Allan). 59 ? Comitas solitaria (King, 1933). 1933 Insolent ia solitaria King. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 350, PI. 30, t. 11. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs east of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. This species is based upon a single specimen, having the apex somewhat worn and the body-whorl half broken away. It was referred by its author tentatively to Insolenha but there is no possible relationship, for the protoconchs are totally dissimilai, t at o solitaria being blunt and smooth, of 1£ whorls, followed by a half whorl of strong brephic axials, and that of Insolentia tall, polygyrate, sharply conic, of three smooth whorls, fol¬ lowed by a wider whorl with distant arcuate riblets. Probably sohtana represents a new genus related to Comitas, for that genus has a blunt paucispiral nucleus somewhat similar to that of solitaria, but with the initial whorl more bulbous and lacking the nuclear brephic axials. As a second provisional location, pending the finding of better material, solitaria is placed in Comitas without prejudice. Comitas trailli (Hutton, 1873). 1873 Pleurotoma trailli Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 11 (May). 1899 Surcula verrucosa Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 31, p. 70. 1915 Drillia trailli ' Suter. Man. N.Z. Moll. Atlas of Plates, PI. 46, f. 24. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: 24 fathoms, Stewart Island (type of trailli); 15 fathoms, Foveaux Strait (type of verrucosa) ; 60 fathoms, Otago Heads. Subgenus Carinacomitas n. subgenus. Type: Pleurotoma clarae Tenison-Woods, 1880 (non Hoernes and Auingei, 1891). (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Victoria. I have noted below under the description of Comitas subcar inape. r n. sp. the atypical protoconch of that species and the Australian Tertiary Pleurotoma clarac Tenison-Woods. In both species, the initial whorl is not so bulbous, and towards its close there develops a carina, situated low down, and preceding the stronger angulation of the brephic stage. Actually this is a relatively slight variation from the typical protoconch, occasioned by an earlier inception of the keel. It is of interest, however, that middle Tertiary species in both New Zealand and Australia exhibit this feature, yet true Comitas is repre¬ sented by contemporary species in both countries also. A bigger departure from the true Comitas apex is exhibited by the new Recent species described, following, in which the whole apex has become greatly depressed, and the angulation occasioned by the carina is much more acute. Both of these groups show a further difference from typical Comitas in the sinus, which is broader and shallower; that of Comitas being restricted from above by a weak but rather broad subsutural band. There is a further difference between the two aber- rants in respect to the anterior canal, which is long in the clarac group and quite short in the New Zealand Recent new species. The clarac group may be distinguished subgenerically as Carinacomitas n. subgenus, type Pleurotoma clarae Tenison-Woods, and the New Zealand Recent species as Anticomitas n. gen. type A. vivens n. sp. Comitas (Carinacomitas) subcarinapex n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 5. Shell rather small, fusiform, with spire about same height as aperture plus canal (end of canal missing in holotype). Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with broadly rounded, 60 strong axials fading out above on shoulder, nine on penultimate, and crossed by two strong but nanow and close-spaced spiral cords, uppermost forming the angle. On the base a third cord proceeds from the lower suture, and a fourth occurs below it; all four being equispaced. The whole shell is otherwise smooth and polished, apart from about eight veiy fine and indistinct spiral threads on the neck of the anterior canal. The deeply concave shouldei occupies more than half the height of each whorl, and is smooth except f 01 the bioad but deeply arcuate growth lines representing the sinus. The suture is weakly and narrowly submargined by a slight fold. Whorls 7 b, including a smooth paucispiral protoconch of two whorls, which differs slightly from that of the genotype in having the initial whorl less bulbous, and towards its close the development of a sharp carina, situated low down, and preceding the angulation, represented in the brephic stage of the typical species. Height (estimated), 10.5 mm.; diameter (estimated), 4 mm. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (6c Type, and 6a), Southland. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Anticomitas n. gen. Type: A. vivens n. sp. (Recent) N.Z. The diagnosis of the genus precedes this under the subgenus Carinacomitas. The genus is founded for the reception of a New Zealand Recent species allied to Comitas but having a very depressed carinate apex, a broad, rather shallow sinus and a relatively short anterior canal. Anticomitas vivens n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 11. Shell of moderate size, robust, fusiform, sculptured with heavy blunt axials and moderately strong spiral cords. Spire 1 1/3 times height of aperture, plus canal. Whorls 7 b, including a vertically compressed, smooth protoconch of 2 b whorls, first whorl low and rounded, with a slight angulation just above the suture; this develops into a sharp carina at the lower fourth on the remaining lb whorls, and then curves upward to a central position over a short brephic stage, with blunt, rather distant axials. Shoulder on post-nuclear whorls concave and occupying the upper third. Axials very strong and bluntly rounded from shoulder angle to lower suture, but rapidly diminishing over shoulder and base, just reaching the neck, 9 on body whorl. Two main spiral cords on early spire-whorls, then increasing to three, with a further three or four on the base, and having a weaker cord in each interspace. About fifteen weakei cords on neck, lowei six more closely spaced. Aperture subquadrate, with a rathei short anteiior canal hav¬ ing a very shallowly notched oblique termination. Sinus broad and shallow occupying the shoulder, and not restricted by any sutural band, or margining. Colour uniform buff. Height, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 4.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer's collection (Auckland Museum). Locality: 140 fathoms off Three Kings Islands. Genus Paracomitas n. gen. Type: Surcula castkcliffcms Marshall & Murdoch, 1919. (C'astlecllffian) Upper Pliocene. N.Z. A puzzling group, which has a carinate-protoconch strikingly similar to that of Aoteadrillia, but on the evidence of the sinus, long canal, and forwardly inclined outer lip the genus actually belongs to a different subfamily, the Turncuhnae. It is probably nearest related to Comitas, in several species of which the protoconch shows a tendency towards carination. From Comitas, the new genus differs m the initial whorl °J the protoco being depressed dome-shaped, strongly carinate, not u ous, an ansrle rather shallow sinus, distinctive sculpture of flat-topped spiral cords, beaded at the angle 61 by numerous weak oblique axials, and typically with a second angulation on the body whorl, proceeding from the suture, and defined by a heavier smooth spiral cold, leuro- toma gemmea Murdoch, Surcula protransenna Marshall and Murdoch, and Tw ' doch and Suter undoubtedly belong here, while Pleurotoma (Dnlha) gypsata Watson agrees in respect to protoconch and general facies, except for the absence of the second keel The range of the genus is (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene to Recent. Key to Species of Paracomitas. Submedian bluntly rounded peripheral keel, with a secondary basal angulation. ^brntfctiiscniici (Marshall & Muidocli) Peripheral keel smooth... prone. s. ... , . . duoustd (Murdoch & Sutei) Peripheral keel with oblique gemmules . auguna Basal angulation slight, defined by a stronger cord. Axials confined to peripheral keel. . Axials 20-22 per whorl, narrow, oblique. * castle cliff ensis (Marsha r m oc 1 Axials 16 per whorl, gemmulate on heavy peripheral fold . -gemmea urc oc 1 Submedian peripheral keel coronated by axials. Basal angulation obsolete. Axials extending below periphery. Axials 15-20 per whorl . Sypsata (Watson) Paracomitas protransenna (Marshall & Murdoch, 1923). 1923 Surcula protransenna Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54, p. 126, PI. 12, f. 6 . 1924 Parasyrinx protransenna : Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 514. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Waikopiro, Block 10, Takapau S.D., 4 miles S.E. of Ormondville (Holotype); Kereru Road, 1st Stream, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Paracomitas castieclift ensis (Marshall & Murdoch, 1919). PI. 10, fig. 1. 1919 Surcula castlecliffensis Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 255. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Castlecliff, Wanganui. (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Paracomitas gemmea (Murdoch, 1900). 1900 Pleurotoma gemmea Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 32, p. 217, PI. 20, f. 9. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Blue-clay cliffs west of Wanganui Heads (^Castlecliff). (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. The above two species are closely allied, but the former always has the axials more numerous (20-22) weak and very oblique, whereas in the latter the axials are much stronger (averaging 16), erect, and arranged on a heavy fold-like keel, reminiscent of some species of Gemmula. Paracomitas augusta (Murdoch & Suter, 1906). 1906 Pleurotoma (Lcucosynnx) augusta Murdoch & Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 08 , p. 286, PI. 22, figs. 14-17. 1913 Turns augusta Suter. Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 472. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: 110 fathoms off Great Barrier Island. Paracomitas gypsata (Watson, 1881). 1881 Pleurotoma (Drillia) gypsata Watson. Jo urn. Linn. Soc. 15, p. 413. 1886 Pleurotoma (Surcula) gypsata Watson. Challenger Zool. 15, p. 297, PI. 25, f. 1. 1913 Surcula gypsata Suter. Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 486. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: East of East Cape in 700 fathoms. 62 Genus Insolentia Finlay, 1926, l>pe (o.d.) : Plcurotoma parcoraensis Suter. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. This Lower Tertiary group is allied to Turricula, but has a very different protoconch, which is poly gyrate, conic, of three to four smooth whorls, followed by a wider whorl with rather distant, arcuate, axial riblets, as compared with a bluntly rounded apex of one and a halt whorls, followed by one whorl of rather distant, oblique axials in Turn- cula > avami : a close relative of the genotype of Turricula. Otherwise the genus closely re¬ sembles 7 in i ic nlci, the shells being elongate-fusiform with a long unnotched canal, a model ately bioad, flat rib submargining the suture, and a moderately deep sinus on the shoulder.. The distribution of Insolentia is Bortonian to Awamoan (Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene) in New Zealand, and it is represented in Australia by the (Janjukian) Lower Miocene Plcurotoma johnstoni Tenison-Woods. Key to Species of Insolentia. 1. Shell large (35-60 mm.). Surface with numerous narrow spiral cords and threads. Axial tubeicles stiong, naiiowly rounded, 12 per whorl, restricted to peripheral keel; persistent throughout . •hcimata (Suter) Axial tubercles low, blunt, 9 per whorl, obsolete on last whorl . *sertula (Suter) 2. Shell small (6.5-15 mm.). Shoulder smooth. Surface with sharply raised narrow spiral cords. Axials 9 per whorl on upper spire whorls, absent from penultimate and body-whorls ^inaequalis Marwick Surface with very weak spiral sculpture. Axials 9-10 per whorl, strong, broadly rounded . *famelica Marwick Axials 9-10 per whorl, as pointed carina ted tubercles . *elegantula n. sp. Axials about 16 per whorl, small peripheral tubercles . *scminndci (Suter) Surface with numerous linear-spaced spiral cords. Axials 14-15 per whorl, weak, very oblique . *parcoraensis (Suter) Insolentia laciniata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Surcula laciniata Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 50, PI. 6, f. 7. 1920 Turns curialis Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 52, p. 133. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: Waihao Downs (type of laciniata); Hampden (type of curialis) (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Insolentia sertula (Suter, 1917). 1917 Surcula sertula Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 53, PI. 6, f. 13. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Waihao Downs. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Insolentia inaequalis Marwick, 1931. 1931 Insolentia inaequalis Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 144, PI. 16, f. 306. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1236 (type) and 1240, Ihungia Series, Gisborne. (Hutchin- sonian) Lower Miocene. Insolentia famelica Marwick, 1931. 1931 Insolentia famelica Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 144, PI. 16, f. 305. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1236, Ihungia Series, Gisborne. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. A probable new species directly ancestral to famelica is lepresented by a single speci¬ men from N.Z.G.S. loc. 1903. Sandstone, west bank of Kyeburn R. 10 ch. E. of Archer’s 63 . i OA i q t? nf Trio* D Kveburn S.D. (S.W.) (Waitakian) Uppei Oligo- Crossmg and 30 ch. E.S.L. ot lug. -^y , ,, A ^ prn v,rvnrnc n Plle The Ihungian famelica is based upon an immature shell of 4 post-embryonic whorls The Kyeburn shell has 5i post-nuclear whorls and appears to represent a nar- ;-owef form with a more steeply descending shoulder, but more material is required to decide its status. Insolentia pareoraensis (Suter, 190()• 1907 Pleurotoma pareoraensis Suter. Proc. Malac. Soc. i p. 208, PI- 18 ’ ^ 3 ‘ 1915 Surcula Pareoraensis : (Suter). N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 3b. r “ ,' . QllfOT . 1 ST 7 n 9 oi Surv Pal Bull. 5, p. 52 (non Pleurotoma (Surcula) 1917 Surcula obliquecostata Suter. N.Z. Geol. fourv. rcu. nui obliquicostata Martens, 1901). 1926 Insolentia pareoraensis : Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 252. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Tonalities: White Rock River. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Insolentia seminuda (Suter, 1917). 1917 Surcula seminuda Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 52, PI. 12, t. 16. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. r Locality: Tuffs interbedded in Amuri limestone, Coleridge Creek, Trehssick Basm, Can- terbury. Miocene. Dr. H. J. Finlay, who carefully examined the type, considers it an Insolentia close to pareoraensis and elegantula. Insolentia elegantula n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 7. Shell rather small, narrowly fusiform, with a long, straight, unnotched anterior canai. Whorls 8, including typical, smooth, sharply conical, polygyrate protoconch of three to four whorls. Whorls strongly angled just below the middle, shoulder concave. Suture submargined by a moderately broad rounded fold. Oblique, strong axial tubercles per¬ sist over all post-nuclear whorls, nine or ten on penultimate. These tubercles are shg y carinated at the peripheral angle, do not extend over the shoulder, just reach the lower suture on the upper whorls, but fade out before reaching the lower suture, on and after the penultimate. Spiral sculpture of weak striations, cutting the surface into low, flat, broad cords, more distinct below the peripheral angle and on the upper part of the base than on the shoulder. Outer lip with a moderate sinus occupying the shoulder the species is allied to famelica Marwick, 1931, but that species is not so elongate, has the angulation higher, the axials more vertically extended and the spirals restricted to the neck From sertula (Suter, 1917) the new species differs in being much more slender, of smaller adult size, and with stronger and more tubercular axials, not tending to be- come obsolete over the body-whorl. Height, 14.15 mm.; diameter, 4.7 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Law’s collection). Localities: Dyer’s Run, Lower Waihao Valley (type) ; Ardgowan, near Oamaru. (Awa¬ moan) Middle Miocene. Genus Tholitoma Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Type (o.d.) : T. dolorosa Finlay & Marwick. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. N.Z. This genus, proposed for a Wangaloan species, was diagnosed as Shell rather small, fusiform strongly nodosely shouldered and spirally lirate. Protoconch dome-shaped, polygyrate, with a minute nucleus and 3i smooth, rapidly increasing, strongly convex whorls, the first two planorbid, thence rapidly descending to end abruptly m a strongly curved sinus; no brephic sculpture or varix. Canal fairly long, gently twisted, not notched anteriorly, nor with any trace of a fasciole. Sinus Surculid occupying a flat excavated space on the outer part of the shoulder, but clear of the peiipheial angle. 64 The genus is compared by its authors with Eopleurotoma Cossmann, 1889 (type P. multic&stata Desh., Parisian Eocene) and HemipleuTotoma Cossmann, 1889 (type PI. archi- medis Bellardi, Miocene of Italy). The subfamily position of this genus is doubtful, for it would appear by the position of the sinus to belong to the Purriculinae, but on the other hand relationship is suggested with both Eopleurotoma and Hemipleurotoma, the latter being an undoubted member of the Turrinae. Tholitoma dolorosa Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Tholitoma dolorosa Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 85, PI. 12, figs, 6, 7, 11. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Wangaloa. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Genus Zemacies Finlay, 1926. Type (o.d.) : Z. elatior Finlay. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. N.Z. This is an Austral derivation from Apiotoma Cossmann, of the Parisian Eocene. From Apiotoma it is distinguished by less staged and more slender shape, whorls drawn out and loosely clasping, very deep sinus on shoulder, the swinging forward of the outer lip far past its origin at the suture, and in particular by the regularly conic, 4-5 whorled, smooth glossy protoconch. In Apiotoma the protoconch as described by Cossmann (1896, p. 73) is “conoidal a bouton mamille.” Species of Zemacies frequently reach a much larger size than Apiotoma. Finlay (1926, p. 252) stated that true Apiotoma was repre¬ sented in the Australian Tertiary by the (Janjukian) Lower Miocene bassi Pritchard, 1904. Other Australian Tertiary members are Pleurotoma granti Pritchard, 1904 (Balcom- bian) and Turris janjukiensis Chappie, 1934 (Janjukian), all of which possess the smooth, blunt, paucispiral protoconch of true Apiotoma. In New Zealand the range of Zemacies is (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous to (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene., but the genus occurs in the Australian Tertiary (Janjukian) also, as represented by a new species from Tor¬ quay, which although superficially similar to Apiotoma bassi , has the tall, polygyrate, sharply conic protoconch of Zemacies. No Apiotoma , however, is so far known from New Zealand. Key to N.Z. Species of Zemacies. 1. Shell narrowly fusiform; whorls increasing normally. Periphery bluntly rounded. Shoulder steep, wide and shallow. Shell very large, up to 100 mm. Axials obsolete . * gravida (Marshall) Shell small, 24 mm. Axials 13 per whorl, obsolete over lower whorls *immatura Finlay & Marwick 2 . 3. Shell very narrow; whorls rapidly increasing drawn out. Axials obsolete . Axials oblique, narrow, not reaching either suture, 18-20 per whorl. Axials developed on early spire-whorls only . Axials persistent throughout. Body-whorl narrow, parallel-sided medially. Body-whorl wider at periphery, then regularly tapered . Axials nodular, more or less restricted to peripheral keel. Subsutural margining fold strong. Subsutural margining fold weak, obsolete on later whorls. Nodules few, 7 per whorl, very strong throughout . Nodules about 12 per whorl, later becoming obsolete . Subsutural margining fold obsolete. Nodules strong; on raised peripheral fold. 16 per whorl. 21-22 per whorl . Nodules weaker; no raised fold, 17 per whorl . Shell very slender and drawn out, having unwound appearance. Axials long, narrow and obliquely flexuous .. . .. *aivakinocnsis n. sp. . *elatior Finlay . mvidorupis Laws *prendrevillei Marwick *marginalis (Marshall) . *arniata n. sp. .. *hamiltoni (Hutton) * or dinar ia (Marshall) ... *climacota (Suter) .... *simulacrum Laws *torticostata (Marshall) 65 Zemacies immatura Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Zemacies immatura Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 8<, PI. 12, f. 10. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Boulder Hill. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Zemacies hamiltoni (Hutton, 1905). 1905 Pleurotoma hamiltoni Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 37, p. 4<2, PI. 44, f. 1. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: Waihao Forks. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Zemacies torticostata (Marshall, 1919). 1919 Surcula torticostata Marshall. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 232, PI. 17, f. /. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: Hampden (type) ; Waihao Downs (old railway cutting). (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Zemacies gravida (Marshall, 1919). 1919 Surcula gravida Marshall. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 231, PI. 16, f. 4. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Zemacies marginalis (Marshall, 1919). 1919 Surcula marginalis Marshall. Trans N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 231, PI. 17, f. 10. 1919 Surcula cquispiralis Marshall. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 232, PI. 16, f. 3. 1920 Surcula hampdencusis Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 52, p. 134, PI. 6, f. l. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Zemacies armata n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6. The species, which is represented by a single specimen minus the apical whorls and the canal, unmistakably belongs here. It is allied to hamiltoni, but differs from it and all known species of the genus in having very strong, rather distant, peripheral nodules, seven per whorl. The subsutural band is moderately wide and faint on the upper whorls, but obsolete on the body-whorl and penultimate. Spiral sculpture subobsolete, six faint spiral cords from peripheral angle to lower suture on upper whorls. Sinus moderately deep and rounded, situated at the middle of the shoulder. Height (actual, sp. incomplete), 37.7 mm.; diameter, 14.5 mm. (Holotype.) Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Abandoned railway, Waihao Downs, South Canterbury. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Zemacies lividorupis Laws, 1935. 1935 Zemacies lividorupis Laws. Trans. Hoy. Soc. N.Z. 65, p. 35, PI. 5, f. 12. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Localities: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene; Blue Cliffs, South Canterbury (type) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Zemacies ordinaria (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Surcula ordinaria Marshall. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 268, PI. 20, figs. 4, 4a. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. 66 Zemacies climacota (Suter, 1917). 1917 Surcula climacota Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 50, PL 12, f. 15. 1939 Zemacies climacota ' Laws. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 68, p. 498. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Komiti Bluff (— Pakaurangi Point) Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Zemacies simulacrum Laws, 1935. 1935 Zemacies simulacrum Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 65, p. 34, PI. 5, f. 11. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: Clifden, Southland (bed B on left bank of Waiau R.) (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Zemacies elatior Finlay, 1926. 1926 Zemacies elatior Finlay. Trans. N. Z. Inst. 56, p. 252. 1935 Zemacies elatior : Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. PI. 7, f. 10 (100 mm., extra large, from Ardgowan). 1937 Zemacies elatior '• Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, PI. 17, tigs. 5 & 10. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (band 4, type) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; Ard¬ gowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Zemacies awakinoensis n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 4. A descendant of the Hutchinsonian-Awamoan elatior in which the axial sculpture is still further reduced, being represented only by very weak growth folds, these being- noticeable only over the last two whorls, where they have a slight but irregular develop¬ ment at the peripheral carina. The regularly developed axials of the early spire whorls of elatior are completely absent from awakinoensis. The species has the same general proportions as elatior, but the subsutural thread-margined platfoim is much weakei and the shoulder not so deeply excavated. The spiral sculpture is practically identical in strength and number of threads in both species; that is about twelve primary cords from the shoulder excavation to the lower suture, on the penultimate, with a few finer inter¬ stitial threads. Height, 37.6 mm.; diamater, 14.7 mm. (actual dimensions of damaged holotype). Height^^.O mm.; diameter, 18.0 mm (estimated dimensions of example from loc. 2933). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 894, track at bend of Mokau River, f m. S.S.W. of Pukewhero Trig., Awakino North S.D. (Holotype) ; 1056, 1 m. W.N.W. of Kotare Trig., and 1059,' 50 chains east along road from bridge over Kotare Stream, end of formed road east from Kotare, Waro S.D., Taranaki; 2930, below high tide level, S. side of Awa¬ kino River mouth, about 6 ft. from top of Mokau beds; 2933, track noith bank Mokau River at big bend 3 m. E. of Mokau Township, f m. S.S.W. of Pukewhero Trig., Awakino North S.D. (Mokau beds = Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Zemacies sp. 1931 Zemacies sp. Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 136, Pi. 18, 1. 340. Locality: Tutamoe Series (upper) 1350, Gisborne (Taranakian? or younger, fide Dr. H. J. Finlay). Zemacies prendrevillei Marwick, 1928. 1928 Zemacies prendrevillei Marwick. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, p. 489, fig. 141, p. 506. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Flower-pot, Harbour, Pitt Id., Chatham Is. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. 67 COCHLESPIRINAE. Genus Tahusyrinx n. gen. Type: Parasyrinx finlayi Allan 1926. (Tahuian) Uppei Eocene. N.Z. The abyssal, Recent American Leucosyrinx and Ancistrosyrinx have an ancestry in that region linking up with Cochlespira Conrad, 1865 (type s.d. Cossmann 1896: C. cngonata Conrad, not PI. cristata Conrad, desig. by Casey 1904, or Dali 1908) from the middle Eocene of Texas. In the New Zealand Tertiary, the “Syrinx” group has been found to have several well marked local developments, while there is still another undescribed group from the Victorian Tertiary. Two New Zealand middle Tertiary groups have been defined:— Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924, and Cosinasyrinx Marwick, 1931: both are characterised by a paucispiral, smooth, blunt nucleus, and a simple shoulder, with a deep arcuate sinus, the former genus being smooth or weakly spirally lirate with a plain peripheral keel, and the latter with the keel rendered moniliform by regular axials. The Upper Eocene (Tahuian) Parasyrinx finlayi Allan, 1926, with its small polygyrate apex and serrated keel, fits neither of these New Zealand groups, but bears some resem¬ blance to Ancistrosyrinx , and in particular to Cochlespira , which by comparison, using an actual topotypic example of the genotype, is shown to differ from finlayi in having a much shallower and broader sinus, no serrations on the keel, and adult sculpture of dense spiral striations. Ancistrosyrinx has a strongly serrated keel, but differs in having the shoulder bisected by a lamellar spiral rib, with the true sinus subsutural, and a pseudo-sinus be¬ tween this rib and the periphery. Irenosyrinx, Aforia, and Steiraxis all differ considerably from the Tahuian species, which is here designated type of a new genus Tahusyrinx. The distinctive characteristics of Tahusyrinx are the combination of an Ancistrosyrinx style of serrated keel, with a simple, deep, arcuate sinus, similar to that of Cochlespira, but much deeper, and a small polygyrate protoconch, quite different from the compara¬ tively large, smooth, paucispiral apex of both Parasyrinx and Cosinasyrinx. No perfectly preserved examples of the finlayi protoconch are available, but a practically complete slightly eroded one is here figured (Text fig. C.5.). Tahusyrinx finlayi (Allan, 1926). 1926 Parasyrinx finlayi Allan. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 344, PI. 77, f. 5. Holotype in collection of Dr. R. S. Allan, Christchurch. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, Waihao, South Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Genus Parasyrinx Finlay, 1924. Type (o.cl.) : Pleurotoma alta Harris. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. Shell fusoid; spire pagodiform; long slender unnotched canal; deep arcuate sinus, rather narrowly rounded medially; and a blunt, smooth paucispiral protoconch of two rounded whorls. The surface is smooth or weakly lirate, and the whorls bear a promin¬ ent sharp smooth keel, as well as a rounded basal angulation. The genus is known only from New Zealand, occurring from the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene to the (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Marshall & Murdoch’s Surcula protra-nsenna. included in Parasyrinx by Finlay (1924, p. 514) is a Paracomitas. Key to Species of Parasyrinx. Surface smooth. Keel near lower suture. Surface weakly spirally lirate from helow the keel; der, which is otherwise smooth . . *alla (Harris) lirations also slightly encroaching on shoul- . *subalta (Marshall & Murdoch) 68 Parasyrinx subalta (Marshall & Murdoch, 1919). 1919 Leucosyrinx subaltus Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 256, PI. 20, f. 7. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Wharekuri (type) (Duntroonian) ; Otiake, Waitaki Valley; N.Z.G.S. Iocs. 493 “Pareora beds,” Upper Kyeburn, Maniototo County; 1903, sandstone W. bank Kye- burn R. (Archer’s Crossing), 30 ch. E.S.E. Trig. D.; 1904, greensand 1 m. S.W. Kye¬ burn Hotel, 110 chains E. of Trig. D.; 1905, lower bed of greensand at footbridge (west bank) near Coal-pit Gully, Kyeburn Survey District (Waitakian) Upper Oli- gocene. Parasyrinx alta (Harris, 1897). 1873 Pleiirotoma pagoda Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 5. 1897 Pleurotoma alta Harris. Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1, p. 45, nom. nov. for PI. pagoda Hutton, 1873, non Reeve. 1914 Turns (Leucosyrinx) alt us • Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 2, PI. 2, f. 12. 1924 Parasyrinx alta : Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 514. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities: Awamoa (type) ; Target Gully; Rifle Butts; Pukeuri and Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Genus Lirasyrinx n. gen. Type : L. anomala n. sp. (Duntroonian) Upper Oligo cene, N.Z. This new genus is proposed for a single species having remarkable resemblance to Parasyrinx subalta, but with a very different protoconch. Whereas the protoconch in Parasyrinx is blunt, smooth and paucispiral of two rounded whorls, that of Lirasyrinx is obtusely conical of 24 whorls with a smooth planorbid tip, followed by two rounded but rather depressed whorls that are strongly spirally lirate. The sinus is very deep and broadly rounded, occupying most of the shoulder. The keel is median, sharp, smooth, flange-like and strongly projecting. Otherwise the genus closely accords with Parasyrinx. The genus is known only by the type species, which is from the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene at Wharekuri, Waitaki Valley. Lirasyrinx anomala n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, fusoid, with pagodiform spire. Whorls 7, including obtusely conical protoconch of 24 whorls as described above. A smooth, sharp, broad, flange-like keel occupies a median position on the spire whorls; deeply concave both above and below it. Base with a distinct angulation in line with the suture. Spiral sculpture fine but dis¬ tinct on the shoulder, and quite strong below the keel. There are 7 rather distant spiral threads on the shoulder, 5 linear spaced from below keel to lower suture, and a few ex¬ ceedingly fine ones on the under side of the flange-like keel. The base is incomplete and the anterior canal missing from the two available examples, but there are indications that moderately strong linear-spaced spirals continue. Height, 7.1 mm. (canal missing); diameter, 4.6 mm. (Holotype). Height, 12 mm. (canal missing) ; diameter, 7 mm. (Paratype). Holotype and Paratype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z.G.S. loc. 1821, Wharekuri greensand, Waitaki River (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Genus Cosmasyrinx Marwick, 1931. Type (o.d.) : C. monilifera Marwick (Ihungia Series = Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. Shell fusoid, with pagodiform spire, a long unnotched anterior canal, and deep, broadly arcuate sinus which occupies the shoulder. Protoconch paucispiral, smooth, erect, with large bulbous nucleus. A feature of the genus is the moniliform strongly projecting 69 peripheral keel. The range is (Ihungia Series = Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene to (Tutamoe Series = Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. If the atypical semilirata n. sp. (described below) is really congeneric, and the horizon for it is correctly assigned, then the genus extends back to the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Key to Species of Cosmasyrinx. Peripheral keel gemmulate or tuberculate. Shoulder outline straight, steeply descending. With a moniliform subsutural border . Without a subsutural border . Shoulder outline concave. Strong subsutural border, weakly moniliform at first, then smooth. Keel moniliform . Smooth subsutural border. Keel with sharp tubercles . Peripheral keel gemmulate on 1-3 post-nuclear whorls only. Shoulder outline concave. Upper part of shoulder smooth, lower part spirally lirate. Cosmasyrinx semilirata n. sp. PL 14, fig. 9. Shell fusoid, with pagodiform spire and long straight canal. Adult whorls 5; proto¬ conch damaged and eroded. Spire whorls with a broad concave shoulder and a sharp peripheral keel, situated below the middle. Keel formed of three spirals, weakly nodu¬ lose over first three post-nuclear whorls; nodules subobsolete on penultimate and absent from the body-whorl. Spiral sculpture of threads and cords. Upper part of shoulder smooth, lower two fifths with six fine closely spaced but distinct threads. From the peri¬ pheral keel to the lower suture there are three cords, with a single minute thread in each interspace, and about thirty on the body-whorl, with occasional interstitials. The sinus is rather deep, broadly arcuate and occupies the whole of the shoulder. Height, 13 mm.; diameter, 5.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2563, 170 chains at 307° from Waihoka Corner, Longwood S.D., Orepuki (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Cosmasyrinx monilifera Marwick, 1931. 1931 Cosmasyrinx monilifera Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 138, PI. 16, f. 292. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1293 (type), 1294, 1295 Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchin¬ sonian) Lower Miocene. Cosmasyrinx tereumera Marwick, 1931. 1931 Cosmasyrinx tereumera Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 139, PI. 16, f. 295. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1294 Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Cosmasyrinx ardua Marwick, 1931. 1931 Cosmasyrinx ardua Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 138, PI. 16, f. 293. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1243 Tutamoe Series, Gisborne (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Cosmasyrinx latior Marwick, 1931. 1931 Cosmasyrinx latior Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 139, PI. 16, f. 294. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs .1260, 1262, 1359 and 1361 (type) Tutamoe Series, Gisborne (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. . .. *latior Marwick . .. * ardua Marwick *monilifera Marwick *tereumera Marwick . • • *semilirata n. sp. 70 CONORBIINAE. Genus Cryptoconus von Koenen, 1867. Type (s.d. C'ossmann, 1889) : Fleurotoma filosa Lamarck. Eocene. Paris Basin. ? Cryptoconus n. sp. PL 10, fig. 10. Two damaged and badly eroded fossils from the “Island Sandstone,’’ Lower Waihao River (Bortonian) Middle Eocene, Canterbury, are not good enough for specific descrip¬ tion, but serve to record this European Eocene genus, or a close ally of it, in New Zealand. Although the apical whorls are missing, the sinus and form of the outer lip and bodv- whorl seem quite typical. Pleight, 25.4 mm.; diameter, 11.7 mm. (figured incomplete specimen) from Dr. H. J. Finlay collection, in Auckland Museum. Genus Austrotoma Finlay, 1924. Type (o.d.) : Bathytoma excavata Suter. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. This genus is one of the most characteristic of the New Zealand Tertiary Turridac, having a definite range of from the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene to the (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. The single (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous inclusion, indiscreta, cannot be placed with accuracy, as it is based upon an incomplete and atypical specimen. The absence of Austrotoma from the Bortonian and Tahuian Eocene makes the reference of indiscreta to that genus somewhat doubtful. The nearest related genus to Austrotoma is the Australian (Janjukian) Lower Miocene Bcloplios. Both Austrotoma and Bcloplios show probable relationship with a series ranging from Cryptoconus and Conorbis of the European and English (Bartonian) Eocene through a later European Middle Tertiary product Acamptogenotia (= Pseudotoma) to the Recent Vexitoniina , described herein, and the Californian Megasurcula. The European genera have a weak anterior notch, but Bcloplios, Austrotoma and Vexitomina possess a very deep an¬ terior notch and a ridge-margined fasciole. In all, the sinus is shallow to moderate, occupying most of the shoulder, and the body-whorl is deep and ovate, Buccinoid, not constricted to a produced anterior canal. Each has its own distinctive protoconch, but those of Austrotoma, Bcloplios and Acamptogenotia are of the same general type, that of Cryptoconus being paucispiral and rather bulbous. The protoconch of Austrotoma is poly- gyrate of 4-5 whorls with a minute globular tip, the first three whorls being smooth and the remainder bearing strong fiat-topped spiral cords and thin axials towards its close. In Acamptogenotia the tip is flattened and planorbid and the spiral cords of the last whorl are not crossed by axials. Bcloplios has a protoconch of the Austrotoma style, but of one whorl less; the three smooth whorls form a dome with a minute central nucleus and the last whorl is reticulated by thin crisp spirals and much hea\ iei axials. Dali referred the large Recent Californian Pleurotoma (Surcula) carpenteriana Gabb. to Cryptoconus, but the shell shows a well developed Buccinoid anterior notch and ridge- margined fasciole. Megasurcula Casey, 1904, was proposed for this species and its Cali¬ fornian Recent and Pliocene allies and should be used since the group shows the same parallel evolutionary advance on Cryptoconus as the deeply notched Austro-Neozelamc Bcloplios and Austrotoma; Acamptogenotia occupying a middle position m this development. In Bcloplios the axial sculpture is dominant, while in Austrotoma spiral cords exceed the axials in development. Megasurcula stands out from these related genera by its tall- spired, elongate-biconic shell and large size; in fact the genotype is one of the largest living Turrids, attaining a height of up to 100 mm. Outside New Zealand the only undoubted species of Austrotoma are two new species from the Australian Tertiary, one from Table Cape, Tasmania, and the other from Spring- Creek, Torquay, Victoria, both being (Janjukian) Lower Miocene. Both these species are 71 closely similar to the New Zealand A. excavata, the spiral sculptuie being dominant, tne axials suppressed except on the early whorls, and with a similar subsutural fold and shoulder excavation as well as a typical protoconch. Belophos, on the other hand, has strong axials throughout and a simple concave shoulder without subsutural fold. There are two unnamed related Australian Tertiary groups that lequiie geneiic nomination. One typified by Bela sculptilis Tate, 1888 (Balcombian), resembles Austrotoma by the dom¬ inance of spiral sculpture, the axials being represented only by fine growth threads, and in the deeply notched anterior canal and ridge-margined fasciole, but the protoconch is quite dissimilar from that of either Austrotoma or Belophos, in having a large, smooth, rounded apex of 1A whorls followed by a half whorl of close-spaced fine brephic axials. The post-nuclear whorls are rounded, with a weakly concave shoulder area and no sub¬ sutural fold. A second species is Bela crassilirata Tate, 1888 (Balcombian) and there are further undescribed species ranging from the Janjukian to the Adelaidean (Lower Mio¬ cene to Middle Pliocene). The second new group is represented by the Balcombian Bela pulchra Tate, 1888, which resembles sculptilis Tate in shape, the dominance of spiral sculp¬ ture, poorly defined shoulder area, and in the protoconch, which is similarly blunt and smooth-tipped of 1A whorls (but even more depressed) followed by brephic axials. It differs radically, however, in having a very weakly notched anterior canal, with no ridge- margining of the fasciole. It is likely that the “Bela pulchra ” group bears a similar evolutionary relationship to Belophos and Austrotoma as that found in the Cryptoconus to Acamptogenotia series of the European Tertiary. The following two new generic names are here proposed for the Australian Tertiary groups diagnosed above:— Liratomina n. gen. Type : Bela sculptilis Tate, 1888. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Vic¬ toria. Belatomina n. gen. Type : Bela pulchra Tate, 1888. (Balcombian) Middle Miocene, Vic¬ toria. Key to N.Z. Species of Austrotoma. 1. Subsutural fold weak to moderate. Spiral sculpture restricted to base. Axials on early spire whorls only. Shoulder angle rounded. Subsutural fold moderate; sinus area distinct . *ncozelanica (Suter) Subsutural fold very weak; sinus area ill defined .* crypt oconoidea n. sp. Shoulder angle sharp; broad smooth keel . *excavata (Suter) Spiral sculpture dominant throughout. Axials persistent over all whorls. Pew, broadly rounded, strong. 11 per whorl, extending over base. *molinei Marwick 12-13 per whorl, restricted to shoulder angle .* clifdcnica n. sp. Numerous, narrowly crested. 14-16 per whorl, extending over base. *lawsi n. sp. 21-30 per whorl, extending over base; shell elongated . *torcuma Marwick Axials subobsolete over body-whorl. 14 per whorl. Spirals narrow, not strong . *eximia (Suter) 16-18 per whorl. Spirals strong, wider spaced . *minor (Finlay) Axials entirely absent from body-whorl. 16 per whorl. Spire-height less than aperture . *deducta Marwick 16 per whorl. Spire-height greater than aperture . *inaequabilis Marwick Axials on early spire whorls only. Shoulder carina rounded, of 2-3 coalescent cords. Spirals narrow, close spaced . *finlavi Powell Spirals broader and wider spaced. *kaiparaensis n. sp. 72 Shoulder carina sharply angled. Whorls straight sided. Spirals wide spaced on base. Shell attenuated . *prolixa Laws Spirals closer spaced on base. Shell normal . *nervosa n. sp. Shoulder carina obsolete. Whorls rounded. Spiral cords alternating with single strong interstitial threads. Shell abnormally large . *ampla n. sp. Spiral sculpture developing prickly tubercles . *echinatci n. sp. 2. Subsutural fold very strong and projecting. Spiral sculpture dominant throughout. Axials obsolete . *obsolcta Finlay Axials numerous, rendering spirals gemmate. *gemmulata n. sp. Two species are omitted from the above key:— A. indiscreta Finlay & Marwick, 1937, which is not well enough preserved to allow generic reference with certainty, and Voluta gracilicostata Zittel, 1865, which is known to me only by the original figure of the holotype. Austrotoma indiscreta Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Austrotoma indiscreta Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 88, PI. 11, f. 9. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Boulder Hill, near Dunedin (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Austrotoma toreuma Marwick, 1929. 1929 Austrotoma toreuma Marwick. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, pp. 923, 934, f. 72. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Chatton, Southland (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Austrotoma inaequabilis Marwick, 1929. 1929 Austrotoma inaequabilis Marwick. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, pp. 922, 934, f. 71. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Chatton, Southland (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Austrotoma eximia (Suter, 1917). 1917 Bathytoma eximia Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 54, PI. 6, f. 15. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 493, Pareora beds, Kyeburn, Maniototo, Otago (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Austrotoma finlayi Powell, 1938. 1929 Austrotoma excavata : Powell & Bartrum. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 60, p. 440. Non Suter, 1917. 1938 Austrotoma finlayi Powell. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 375, PI. 39, figs. 16, 17. Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Localities: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene; near Oneroa, Waiheke Island, Auckland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. (Holotype.) Austrotoma kaiparaensis n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 9. Shell of moderate size, biconic; spire slightly taller than aperture. Whorls 10, includ¬ ing typical polygyrate protoconch. Axials moderately strong, 16-17 per whorl, but con¬ fined to the first four post-nuclear whorls, the body whorl and penultimate being devoid of axials except for growth lines. Whorls keeled medially by a broad smooth spiral, mar¬ gined above and below by weak spiral cords. Two primary spiral cords below keel on spire whorls, ten on body-whorl and base. These primary cords are distant, with one to three unequal subsidiary spirals in the interspaces. The sinus area bears nine fine crisp spiral threads. Aperture and sinus typical, except that the anterior canal is shg j truncated. The subsutural fold is very weak. Height, 36.25 mm.; diameter, 15.75 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. The species is related to finlayi but differs in haying a shorter body-whorl, a more truncated anterior canal and fewer, more distant, spiral coids. Austrotoma molinei Marwick, 1931. 1931 Austrotoma molinei Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Suit. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 148, PI. 17, (. 316. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G. S. loc. 1236, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Mio¬ cene (Holotype) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1361, Tutamoe Series (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Austrotoma clifdenica n. sp. PL 3, fig. 4. Shell narrowly biconic. Spire same height as aperture. Axials persistent over all post nuclear whorls, 12 on penultimate, broad but narrowly arched, strong and bluntly tubercular at peripheral keel, but rapidly diminished below, being obsolete at lower suture. Three to four close spaced spiral cords at periphery, 2-3 stronger wider spaced cords below on spire whorls. On the body whorl there are the 4 peripheral spirals fol¬ lowed by 14 narrow but strong prominently raised cords, upper ones wide spaced, but lower six crowded on neck. Shoulder broadly and deeply concave without a subsutuial fold, sculptured with from 4 to 6 fine crisp spiral threads crossed by close-spaced growth lines, indicating a broad, moderate, arcuate sinus. Spiral interspaces on body whorl with occasional subsidiary threads and dense regular axial growth lines. Height, 36.7 mm.; diameter, 15.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6b type and 6c), Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austrotoma echinata n. sp. PL 3, fig. 5. This species, although standing out from all other members of the genus by its squat shape and spiny sculpture, shows no essential departure from them in respect to the pro¬ toconch, aperture, sinus, anterior notch and rib-margined fasciole. Shell rather small, broadly biconic. Spire about § height of aperture. Whorls 9, in¬ cluding typical polygyrafe protoconch of 5 whorls. Spire whorls with a weak subsutural fold, and just below the middle a sharp keel bearing strong vertically compressed prickly spines, marking the upper termination of broad low axials, which extend over the body- whorl to the neck, where they fade out gradually. These axials number 14 on the body- whorl. There are nine narrow but prominent cords on the body whorl, between the peri¬ pheral carina and the strong, sharp ridge margining the fasciole. The upper five of these cords bear spiny nodules where they cross the axials, and all spiral interspaces bear close fine spiral threads varying in number from 9-11 near the carina to 2-3 near the fasciole. The extremely wide sinus area bears twelve to fourteen, fine, crisp, spiral threads, these, and the subsidiary spirals of the whole shell being delicately reticulated by equally close axial growth threads. The sinus is shallow, exactly as in the genotype, except that it spreads over a wider shoulder, occasioned by the partial telescoping of the spire and adpressed clasping suture. Height, 18.7 mm.; diameter, 10.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (6c type and left bank C.) Waiau River, Clifden, Southland (Hutchin¬ sonian) Lower Miocene. Austrotoma excavata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Batliytoma sulcata excavata Suter. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 55, PI. 6, figs. 17, IS. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 542, Lower Komiti Point Beds (= Pakaurangi Point) Kaipara (Holotype); Clifden 6c, Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; White Rock River, South Canterbury; N.Z. G.S. loc. 2219, shellbeds, left bank Opihi River, 2 miles above junction with Tengawai River, Opihi S.D., South Canterbury (Awa¬ moan) Middle Miocene. 74 The Clifden specimen exhibits traces of a streaks, extending from suture to fasciole. zigzag pattern of broad brownish axial Austrotoma cryptoconoidea n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, biconic, medially inflated, recalling Cryptoconus Whorls 10 including typical protoconch of 5 whorls. Spire less than height of aperture. Sculpture obsolete, surface smooth except for close spaced axial growth lines on the early spire whorls and a few faint spiral threads on the neck of the canal. The concave shoulder so characteristic of the genus is very shallow and scarcely noticeable, and the subsutural fold is weak also, merely causing the suture to be slightly adpressed. The sinus is wide and \ ei y shallow, but the anteiioi canal is typical, being deeply notched and having a distinct fasciole defined by a sharply raised cord. Height, 36.25 mm.; diameter, 16.3 mm. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (East side B) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. The species is nearest allied to neozelanica Suter. Austrotoma neozelanica (Suter, 1913). 1873 Pleurotoma sulcata Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 4. Non Lamarck. 1913 Clavatula (Perrona) neozelanica Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 45, p. 294, PI. 12, f. 3. 1916 Bathytoma sntcri C’ossmann. Rev. Crit. Taleozool. 20, No. 1, p. 9. Nom. nov. for P. sulcata Hutton. 1924 Pseudotoma huttoni Finlay. Proc. Malac. Soc. 16, p. 104. Nom. nov. for P. sulcata Hutton. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: Lower Gorge of Waipara (lower horizon), North Canterbury (Tongaporutuan) Upper Miocene (Holotype) ; Broken River, Canterbury (Holotype of sulcata). Hutton’s sulcata is much smaller than neozelanica . but the holotype of the former is too badly preserved for critical comparison. Austrotoma lawsi n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 8. Shell of moderate size, narrowly biconic, resembling minor, but with narrower, more sharply raised spiral cords, a more contracted base, and axials persistent over the body- whorl. Spire only slightly less than height of aperture. Axials narrowly rounded, 14 on penultimate in holotype. Spiral cords clear cut, evenly developed and without intermedi¬ ates except for dense microscopic lirations in all interspaces. There are six spirals on the spire-whorls and 16 on the body-whorl. On the shoulder there are four weak but sharply defined threads and these, as well as the subsidiary spirals of the whole shell, are reticulated by somewhat stronger dense axial growth lines. Subsutural fold dis¬ tinct but not very prominent. Sinus broad and shallow, occupying most of the shouldei. Height, 27.6 mm.; diameter, 12 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. If. J .Finlay collection). Localities: Blue Cliffs, South Canterbury (Holotype) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 170, Awamoa Creek, near Oamaru, Otago (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Austrotoma minor (Finlay, 1924). 1877 Bela ? robusta Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 9, p. 595. Non Packard, 1869. 1924 Belophos (Austrotoma) minor Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 515. Nom. nov for Beta ? robusta 1926 Austrotoma scopalvcus Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 253, PI. 57, figs. 19, 20. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dur.edin (robusta): Holotype of scopalvcus in Auck- land Museum Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: White Rock River (type of robusta); Target Gully Oamaru (type of scofal reus): N.Z. G.S. loc. 170, Awamoa Creek (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 75 Shells from Kaawa Creek (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene, recorded by Bartrum and Powell (1928 p 150) as A. cf. scopalveus, and specimens from N.Z. G.S. loc. 683, Esk River, Hawke’s Bay (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene are more elongated than minor and have more numerous axials. It is possible that they may be related to gracilicostata, but until topo- types of that species are available these Lower Pliocene shells must be left m doubt. Austrotoma nervosa n. sp. PL 14, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, rather narrowly biconic. Spire whorls bluntly angled at three- fourths to four-fifths, with deeply concave shoulder and straight-sided vertical walls below. Body-whorl similarly straight-sided above, but gently contracted over base. Sub- sutural fold subobsolete. Spire shorter than aperture. Sculpture of moderate, rounded, clear-cut spiral cords, with interspaces 1 to U times width of the cords. These inter¬ spaces are smooth except for a single interstitial thread about the middle of the whoils. The spiral cords number from 6-9 below the shoulder on the spire whorls and about 20 on the body-whorl. Shoulder with from 5-7 crisp fine thieads. Weak axials on fiist thiee post-nuclear whorls, about 15 per whorl. Height, 44 mm.; diameter (actual), 15 mm. (estimated), 16 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Mt. Harris, Canterbury (Holotype) ; Dyer’s Run, Lower Waihao Valley; Ard- gowan, near Oamaru; N.Z. G.S. loc. 170, Awamoa Creek, near Oamaru; N.Z. G.S. loc. 2933, track, north bank Mokau River at big bend 3 miles east of Mokau Town¬ ship and | mile S.S.W. of Pukewhero Trig., Awakino North S.D. (Mokau Beds) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 584, greensands under Mokau limestone (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. This is a very distinctive and stable species easily recognised by its straight-sided whorls and simple, close-spaced spirals, without interstitial spirals except for the appar¬ ently invariable presence of a single medial thread. An Ardgowan specimen has the colour pattern preserved, this being in the form of slightly flexuous axial streaks of reddish-brown, following the growth lines and confined to the cords, being absent from both the interspaces and the shoulder. Related new species are represented in the Finlay collection by single specimens res¬ pectively from Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) and Clifden (7b and 7c) Southland (Awamoan). These have the shoulder angle lower and differ in the absence of the medial interstitial thread, as well as in other sculptural details. Their description is withheld on account of insufficient comparative material. Austrotoma gemmulata n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 7. Shell of moderate size, biconic, medially inflated; allied to obsoleta, having the sub- sutural fold very strong and projecting. Spire three-fourths height of aperture. Sculp¬ tured with close-spaced, regular, rounded spiral cords, crossed by equally closely spaced and only slightly broader axials, producing reticulation, the intersecting points being gemmulate. Three to four spirals on spire whorls, 14 on body-whorl. Shoulder concave, showing close axial growth lines, more distinct than the few faint spiral threads. Inter¬ spaces of spirals on body-whorl with one or two intermediate weak threads. Height, 31.5 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (7c) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Austrotoma obsoleta Finlay, 1926. 1926 Austrotoma obsoleta Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 253, PI. 55, figs. 13, 14. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Lower Gorge of Waipara (lower horizon), North Canterbury (Tongaporutuan) Upper Miocene. 76 Austrotoma gracilicostata (Zittel, 1865). 1865 Voluta gracilicostata Zittel. Voy. Novara Geol. 2, pt. 1, p. 38, PI. 13, f. 6. 1931 Austrotoma gracilicostata : Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 148. Holotype in K. K. Hofmuseum, Vienna. Locality: The Cliffs, Nelson (Taranakian ?) Upper Miocene. Austrotoma deducta Marwick, 1931. 1931 Austrotoma deducta Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 148, PI. 17, f. 315. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1322, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Austrotoma prolixa Laws, 1940. 1940 Austrotoma prolixa Laws. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 55, PI. 5, f. 9. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Localities: Hawera (Holotype) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1171, sandstone on coast, 4 mile N.W. of Patea River Mouth (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Austrotoma ampla n. sp. PI. 14, f. 5. This is the largest known species of the genus, but apart from large size it is charac¬ terised by having strong wide-spaced spiral cords with a strong thread in each interspace. Like the other long ranging Pliocene Austrotomas, the spiral sculpture dominates the axial. Shell abnormally large, fusiform, with elevated spire, estimated as slightly higher than aperture (lower part of aperture missing). Whorls moderately convex, with a blunt, not very prominent shoulder angle at -J whorl height. Suture submargined by a strong, broadly rounded fold. Sinus area concave, distinct. Spiral sculpture of strong but rather narrow sharply raised cords, 4-5 on spire whorls, uppermost at shoulder angle, but with an additional weaker spiral immediately above the shoulder. Body-whorl with about 14 primary spirals, having interspaces up to three times their width. Each interspace on both the penultimate and the body-whorl with a single strong spiral thread, which gives an alternating effect to sculpture of these later whorls. Sinus area and subsutural fold crossed by 9-10 fine crisp secondary spiral threads. The axial sculpture is restricted to about twenty faint riblets on the first and the second post-nuclear whorls. Compared with the Waitotaran prolixa Laws, ampla is still larger, with less attenuated spire, more rounded whorls and fewer, wider spaced spiral cords. Height, (actual) 68.5 mm., (estimated) 84 mm.; diameter, 30 mm. (Holotype). Holotype (unique) in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Embankment at north end of Awatere Railway Bridge, main road, Marlborough (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. A similar outsized Austrotoma from N.Z. G.S. loc. 154, Kanieri River, Westland (Tara¬ nakian?) Upper Miocene, is represented by a single worn incomplete specimen. It is close to the above species, but lacks the subsutural fold, has more numerous spiral cords and the interstitial thread is weaker. Genus Vexitomina n. gen. Type: Drillia mctcalfei Angas (Recent) New South Wales. Finlay (1924, p. 516) noted that the Recent New South Wales “ Inquisitor mctcalfei Angas seems to be an Austrotoma, closely allied to the New Zealand Drillia optabilis M. & S.” It is at once evident that mctcalfei has nothing to do with Inquisitor, which is a Drillia in the broad sense, but certainly the species bears some resemblance to Austrotoma, having a similar deeply notched, short anterior canal, and ridge-margined fasciole, as well as a not dissimilar style of sculpture. Separation from Austrotoma is warranted, however, 77 on account of the attenuate spire of metcalfei, quite discordant irom the Income Austio- tomas, and the deeper sinus with a more narrowly rounded apex Unfortunately, I have no well preserved protoconchs of metcalfei, but it appears to be ra.ner bluntly cornea of about three whorls, and either smooth or but weakly sculptured. Finlay’s association of Murdoch & Suter’s optabiUs with metcalfei seems to be quite sound. Unfortunately, the protoconch in the unique New Zealand specimen is bad y eroded also. Vexitomina optabilis (Murdoch & Suter, 1906). 190G Drillia optabilis Murdoch & Suter. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 283, PI. 21, fig. 9 Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: 110 fathoms off Great Barrier Island. Genus Notogenota n. gen. Type: Hemifusus (Maycria) goniodcs Suter. (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. N.Z. Superficially Notogenota resembles Genota , the genotype of which is the West African Recent mitriformis (Wood) ; the genus being known also from the European Oligocene to Pliocene. Genota has a comparatively narrow sinus restricted by a broad, low, flat, subsutural fold, but this feature is absent in Notogenota, which has a broad, simple, shallow sinus, resembling that of Surculites, a long, straight unnotched anterior canal, elongate bicomc outline, bluntly carinate whorls, and a large, smooth, polygyrate protoconch, with a minute styliform initial whorl. The protoconch is followed by a half-whorl of closely- spaced almost straight and vertical axial threads. The apices of both Genota and Surcu¬ lites are very similar to that of Notogenota , except that the tip is blunt and lacks the styli¬ form initial whorl. Wrigley 1939 (p. 283) considered Surculites as occupying a “not too determinate position between the Fusinidae and the Buccinidae rather than with the Tiirridae. Wrigley’s argument is that Fusoid genera frequently exhibit a shallow, broad-sinused shoulder, linked with, and proportionate to whorl carination, and that this alleged pseudo-sinus is weak at first but develops with the carina. Personally, I cannot confirm this statement in respect to Surculites, for well preserved examples of the (Bartonian) Eocene eiians (Solander), the species upon which Wrigley based his argument, to me show the sinus quite well marked over all the early post-embryonic whorls. Wrigley contrasts the un¬ doubted Turrid genus Turricula in which a deep narrow sinus originates immediately after the protoconch “without any transitional contours/’ Two comments are relevant here—the “transitional contours” represent the brephic stage found in many protoconchs, and secondly, a narrow deep sinus occurs most fre¬ quently where the suture is submargined by a heavy fold, this restricting the width available on the shoulder for the development of the sinus. Acamptogenotia, Belophos and Megasurcula have each a wide shallow sinus comparable with that of Surculites, but Genota with its heavily margined suture has a Turriculid-like sinus. I have, under Austrotoma, postulated an evolutionary sequence— (Conorbis - Cryptoco¬ nus - Acamptogenotia - Belophos - Austrotoma - Vexitomina and Megasurcula) which shows transition from a simple weakly-notched anterior canal in the Eocene Conorbis and Cryp¬ toconus to the deeply notched and strongly carinate anterior canal and fasciole in the Recent Vexitomina and Megasurcula. The Eocene Surculites, the New Zealand Eocene Notogenota nov. as well as Marshallena and Marshallaria, represent another series in which the anterior canal is long and un¬ notched. The range of Notogenota is New Zealand (Bortonian) Middle Eocene to (Tahu- ian) Upper Eocene. 78 Key to Species of Notogenota. Axial sculpture well developed over all post-nuclear whorls. Spiral sculpture weak, but persistent over all post-nuclear whorls (30-35 mm.) . Axial sculpture subobsolete, restricted to early whorls. Spiial sculpture microscopic, except for stronger spirals on lower (65-75 mm.). Spire height 0.72 of aperture . Spire height 0.58 of aperture. Shell rather small . *finlayi n. sp. part of base. Shell large . * goniodes (Suter) . *pahiensis n. sp. Notogenota goniodes (Suter, 1917). 1917 1917 Hem if usus (Mayeria ) goniodes Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 23, PI. 3, figs. 15, 16. Sure id a antegypsata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 49, PI. 6, f. 6. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 479, W T aihao River, South Canterbury (= Waihao Downs. Type Ioc. of goniodes); Waihao greensands (-= WTaihao Downs. Type of antegypsata) (Bor- tonian) Middle Eocene. Notogenota pahiensis n. sp. Text fig. D.19, p. 40. 1921 Hemifusus (Mayeria) goniodes : Marshall & Murdoch. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 53, p. 83. Not of Suter, 1917. Although this species is known only from very badly preserved material, it is at once separable from goniodes by having a much longer and more slowly tapered body-whorl. The spire is 0./2 of the apertural height in goniodes, but only 0.58 in pahiensis. As far as can be judged from the available material, the sculpture is similar in the two species, i.e., dense microscopic spiral striae with stronger threads on the lower part of the base. Height, (actual) 65 mm., (estimated) 75 mm.; diameter, 26 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Pahi greensands, Kaipara (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Notogenota finlayi n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 10. Shell rather small, elongate-biconic. Spire two-thirds height of aperture. Whorls 8, including a large smooth polygyrate protoconch of 5 whorls with a styliform tip as des¬ cribed above. Post-nuclear whorls bluntly angled above the middle. Suture slightly de¬ pressed, but not margined. Shoulder concave. The sculpture consists of weak close¬ spaced spiral threads, 7-8 very fine and indistinct on shoulder, 8 stronger from carina to lower suture on spire whorls, and about thirty-six below carina on body-whorl, base and anterior canal, with exceedingly fine intermediate striae. Axials numerous, flat-topped, of unequal widths, extending from suture to suture on spire whorls and over more than half the base on the body-whorl. Sinus broad and shallow, occupying the entire shoul¬ der, thence the thin outer lip descends in a broad, evenly arcuate, protractive arc. An¬ terior canal straight, unnotched. Height, 32.3 mm.; diameter, 12 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, South Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. AT goniodes is much larger, more strongly carinate, with exceedingly fine indistinct spiral striations, and weaker axials confined to the early post-embryonic whorls. Genus Marshallaria Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Type (o.d.) : Vcrconclla spiralis Allan (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. N.Z. This genus and the following one, Marshallena, belong to a line of bioad and shallow sinused Turrids comparable with the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene Sunuhtes Conrad, 1865, type from the Eocene of New Jersey. The Turrid affinity of this latter genus is 79 , . , t nm indebted to Dr. J. Marwick for a more precise discussed herein under W 0 ^ of MarshaUar i a from Marshallena than that con- statement regarding the (Finlay & Marwick 1937, p. 83). Although tained in the original <* protoconch and sinus . both genera are superficially simi , throughout the post . nu clear whorls, while Mar- Marshallana has a re S« ^r y ^ ^ Finlay & Marwick 1937, p .84) has a very shallow onf^The^protoconch in Marshallaria is somewhat dome-shaped and has strong spiral ° i „ last whorl: that of Marshallena is more regularly conic and appears practi- cally b smooth It is likely that both genera had a common origin earlier m the Cretace- ous Both genera comprise moderate sized fusiform shells with gradate spires, about two thirds apertural height, a well marked shoulder angle, and a fauly long unnotc ec anterior canal The range of Marslwllaria is (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous to (Awa- m0 an) Middle Miocene, and that of Marshallena (Bortonian) Middle Eocene to (Waito- taran) Lower Pliocene. Both genera seem to be restricted to New Zealand. Key to Species of Marshallaria. Shell small (14-24 mm.). Axials very feeble; spirals dominant. Spirals strong, linear spaced; beaded by axial threads. Shell broad . Spirals wider spaced; interspaces wider than width of cords. Shell narrow . Axials strong; broadly rounded. Shell narrowly fusiform. Axials 13 per whorl . Shell broadly fusiform. Axials 13 per whorl . Axials 19 per whorl; spirals strong. Shell larger (30-48 mm.). Axials 22 per whorl not reaching upper suture but extending . *senilis (Marsh. & Murd.) . '^multicincta (Marshall) ... *fonnosci (Allan) . *uttleyi (Allan) . *spiralis (Allan) well over base *zvaitakicnsis n. sp. Axials 15 per whorl, more or less confined to periphery *senta n. sp. Marshallaria multicincta (Marshall, 1917). 1917 Daphnella multicincta Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 49,p. 457. 1917 Daphnella ovata Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 49, p. 457. . 1937 Marshallaria multicincta : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 84, PI. 1 , figs. 10-12. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Wangaloa (Wangaloan) Upper Cietaceous. Marshallaria senilis (Marshall & Murdoch, 1920). 1920 1937 Siphonalia senilis Marsh. & Murd., Trans. N.Z. Inst 52, p. 131, PI. G, f. 4. Marshallaria senilis : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 84 Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden, North Otago (Bortonian), Middle Eocene. Marshallaria uttleyi (Allan, 1926). 1926 Verconella uttleyi Allan, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 340, PI. 76, f. 6. 1937 Marshallaria uttleyi : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 84. Holotype in collection of Dr. R. S. Allan, Christchurch. Locality: Island sandstone, Lower Waihao River (Bortonian), Middle Eocene. 80 Marshallaria formosa (Allan, 1926). 1926 Verconella formosa Allan, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 340, PI 76 f 7 1917 Surcula scrotina Suter (partim) N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal’. Bull. 5, PI* 4, f. 15 (only). 1937 Marshallaria formosa : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 84. Holotype in collection of Dr. R. S. Allan, Christchurch. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian), Upper Eocene. Marshallaria spiralis (Allan, 1926). 1926 Verconella spiralis Allan, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 340, PI. 76, f. 9. 1937 Marshallaria spiralis : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 84. Holotype in collection of Dr. R. S. Allan, Christchurch. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian), Upper Eocene. Marshallaria waitakiensis n. sp. PI. 3, fig. ll. Shell of moderate size. Whorls sharply angled just above the middle, resulting in a broad, slightly concave shoulder, nine, including typical dome-shaped protoconch, with the last whorl sculptured with strong spiral cords. Spire about two-thirds height of aperture, gradate. Post-nuclear sculpture of close-spaced, regular, strong, bluntly rounded axials, rapidly diminishing over shoulder and not reaching upper suture; similarly diminished on base, although weakly persistent right to the fasciole; 22 on penultimate. Spiral sculpture of 4-5 narrow primary threads from angle to lower suture, and three to four secondary threads in each interspace. Two or three primary threads immediately above shoulder angle as well as a dense pattern of very fine secondary spirals. Second¬ ary spiral threads over the whole shell delicately reticulated by dense axial threads. Body whorl with about 25 primary spirals with 2-4 intermediates. Base gradually con¬ tracted to a moderately long neck and unnotched anterior canal. Pillar decidedly twisted, with a distinct ridge and slight fasciole. Sinus typical, regularly concave. Sole example slightly distorted. Height, 30.8 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Otiake, Waitaki River, North Otago (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Marshallaria senta n. sp. PL 14, fig. 3. Species descended from ivaitcikiensis ; differing in being much larger, with fewer, more broadly rounded axials, more or less confined to the periphery, and more numerous spiral threads. Shell large, whorls sharply angled above the middle, shoulder broad and shallowly concave. Whorls 10, including typical protoconch of 4 whorls. Spire less than height of aperture. Axials 15 per whorl, bluntly rounded at periphery, rapidly fading out both on the shoulder and towards lower suture, which they reach only on the early spire whorls; practically confined to the periphery on later whorls and subobsolete to obsolete on the body-whorl. Spiral sculpture of fine dense primary and secondary spiral threads. From 12-14 weak simple spirals on shoulder, 7-10 primary spirals with 1-2 intermediates between shoulder angle and lower suture, and about 30 primary cords with from 2-4 intermediates on the body-whorl. Secondary spirals delicately reticulated by growth lines as in zupitakiensis. Sinus typical, regularly broadly concave. Height, 48.5 mm.; diameter, 21 mm. (Holotype). Holotype (unique) in N.Z. Geological Survey Office. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1218 Rifle Butts, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. This is the largest known Mcirshallavia and, so far as is known, it is the last of the genus. The culminating* species of the genera Mavshcillciyid, MIavshallc\i& and Must) otomci all reached abnormallylarge size, as a prelude to extinction; an interesting analogy to this same tendency in respect to extinctions in certain birds and mammals. 81 Genus Marshallena Allan, 1926. Type (monotypy): Daphnclla neozelanica Suter, 1917 (Tahuian) I ppei Eocene, N.Z. f"Footnote, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57, p. 291. Name having page priority over Marshallena Finlay, 1926, l.c p. 413.) The characteristics of this genus are given under the preceding genus Marshallana Range (Bortonian) Middle Eocene to (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Key to Species of Marshallena. Shell small (12-21 mm.). Peripheral angle sharp to carinated. Spirals evenly developed on spire (below carina) and base. Axials 16 per whorl, blunt, strong on base. Spirals 4-5 (below carina) on spire. *curtata (Marwick) Axials 17 per whorl, blunt, rapidly diminished on base. Spirals 6 (below carina) on spire . *carinaria Powell Axials 27-33 per whorl, narrow, crisp. Spirals 4-5 (below carina) on spire. ^neozelanica (Suter) Shell small to moderate sized (15-40 mm.). Peripheral angle bluntly rounded. Axials well developed over all post-nuclear whorls. Spirals more prominent on base than on spire. Axials 13 per whorl. Spirals fine, subequal and numerous on spire (shoulder included); distant weak primaries appearing on base . '•'serotina (Suter) Spirals very fine and dense on spire; with addition of 3-4 indistinct primaries; basal primaries broad and strong . *\mpar n. sp. Axials 13, decreasing to 11 per whorl. Spirals 3-5 primaries with 2-8 fine intermediates . *decens Marwick Axials 17-19 per whorl. Spirals fine, numerous and subequal on spire whorls . *celsa Marwick Spirals trellised and rendered moniliform by numerous axial growth lines. Axials 15 per whorl. Spirals 4-5 on spire whorls . *esdailei (Marwick) Axials very weak on spire whorls becoming o-bsolete on last whorl. Spirals exceedingly fine and numerous. Axials 23 per whorl on spire. *anomala n. sp. Shell large (78 mm.). Spire taller than aperture, straight-sided below angle. Axials 14 per whorl . *austrotomoides Powell Marshallena serotina (Suter, 1917). 1917 Surcula serotina Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 52 (partim). PI. 6, f. 12 only. 1926 Marshallena serotina : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57, p. 413. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Waihao Downs, South Canterbury (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Marshallena neozelanica (Suter, 1917). 1917 DaphncUa (RaphTtoma) neozelanica Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 60, PI. 7, f. 4. 1919 Belophos incertus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 229, PI. 15, f. 3. 1926 Belophos incertus (— neozelanica) • Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57, p. 413. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: Hampden, North Otago (Bortonian) Middle Eocene; McCullough’s Bridge. “N.Z. G.S. loc. 630, Teaneraki, Enfield, near Oamaru,” probably equals McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian) Upper Eocene (type of neozelanica). 82 Marshallena esdailei (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Turricula esdailei Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 316, PI. 72, f. 18. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Lome, North Otago (Kaiatan) Lower Oligocene. Marshallena anomala n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 1. Shell of moderate size, ovate-fusiform, resembling Aiistrotoma, but with unnotched anterior canal and very shallow sinus; features which accord with Marshallena. Whorls rounded but with a concave shoulder occupying the upper third. Sculptured with ex¬ ceedingly fine and dense spiral threads and weak axials becoming obsolete over last half- whoil. Axials 23 per whorl, narrowly rounded and vertical. Spirals about 18 on shoulder and 26 fiom shouldei angle to lower suture; equally fine and numerous on upper portion of body-whoil, but becoming broader and more distinct below. Early whorls missing in sole example. Height, 25.75 mm.; diameter, 12.3 mm. (Holotype, incomplete). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. An allied n. sp. which is much more inflated is represented by a specimen in the Fin¬ lay collection from the Kakanui tuffs, North Otago (Whaingaroan) ? Middle Oligocene. Marshallena celsa Marwick 1931. 1931 Marshallena celsa Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 147, PI. 17, f. 314. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1775, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne (Awamoan), Middle Miocene. Marshallena carinaria Powell, 1935. 1935 Marshallena carinaria Powell, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus., 1, p. 336. Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Motutara (volcanic tuffs) West Coast, Auckland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Marshallena curtata (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Turricula curtata Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 325, PI. 74, fig. 8. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G. S. loc. 1141, coast 1 mile S. of Wai-iti Stream, Taranaki (Tongaporu- tuan) Upper Miocene. Marshallena decens Marwick, 1931. 1931 Marshallena decens Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 147, PI. 17, f. 313. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G. S. loc. 1325, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560 Waihua River f mile upstream from Ngamahanga Stream, Wairoa S.D. (Waitotaran). The sole example from loc. 1560 is larger than the type, measures 32.5 x 13.5 mm. and has more numerous axials, 15-16 instead of 13-11; otherwise it compares closely with the holotype. Marshallena impar n. sp. PL 14, fig. 2. The species is apparently descended from the Tutamoe celsa, for it exhibits the same feature of basal spirals stronger than those on the spire whorls. It differs in having a lower spire and fewer axials, and is of smaller size. Whorls 8, including protoconch of 4 whorls. Spire 1.4 times height of aperture. Peripheral angle above the middle, shoulder rather deeply concave. Axials 13 per whorl, bluntly rounded and slightly 83 oblique extending from angle to lower suture and half way down the base. Spiral striae very fine and dense on shoulder; similar below the angle on spire whorls and upper part of base, but with the addition of 3-4 indistinct moderately broad, flat spiral cords On the base there are 11 much stronger and wider flat-topped spiral cords with inter¬ spaces of H times their width; the uppermost of these basal spirals is in line with the top of the aperture. Sinus typical, broadly and shallowly concave. Height, 23.75 mm.; diameter, 10.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotvne in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2329, 133 chains at 335° from Trig. P.1, Takapau (N.E.) S.D. Below uppermost Te Aute limestone, Dannevirke S.D. (Upper Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Marshallena austrotomoides Powell, 1931. 1931 Marshallena austrotomoides Powell, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 1, p. 106, PI. 10, figs. 5, 6. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Localities: Waihi Stream, Hawera (Holotype) ; north bank Awatere River, Marlborough (King, 1934, p. 16) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1586, Makeretu Stream, sandstone above top lime¬ stone/Opoiti (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. CLAVINAE. Genus Drillia Gray, 1838. For over a hundred years Drillia has been the conventional dumping ground for all manner of Turrids having a short canal and deep subsutural sinus. Thiele (1929, p. 357 ) g a ve excellent figures of both the shell and the radula of the Recent West African genotype, Drillia uinbihcata Gray, and also stated that the operculum has a terminal nucleus. Undoubtedly the radula of the genotype shows the genus in the restricted sense, to be of primitive stock, having a central and lateral teeth as well as prominent but simple marginals. In the higher Turrids both cential and lateial teeth have been dispensed with, paired marginals only remaining. Hedley (1922, p. 236) cited Drillia as a synonym of Clavatula Lamarck, 1801, but two very different groups are represented, for the latter has high clasping whorls, an oper¬ culum with a medio-lateral nucleus, and the fasciole is flattened and inconspicuous. True Drillia, besides having primitive dentition and an operculum with a terminal nucleus, has distinctive shell features in a strongly inflated fasciole producing a false umbilicus be¬ tween it and the inner lip, a deeply notched anterior canal, as well as a very conspicu¬ ous subsutural sinus, and a well marked “Stromboid” notch in the lower portion of the outer lip. Drillia Gray, 1838, is therefore a valid genus for a primitive group of West African Turrids. Hedley (1918, p.M. 79) provided the new genera Inquisitor and Austrodrillia for Aus¬ tral groups of Drillia auct., and there are many names available for other series. Two New Zealand Drillia- like groups have been in part referred to both Inquisitor and Austrodrillia, but this usage cannot be continued; they are diagnosed and named, follow¬ ing this discussion. Typical Austrodrillia is close to Compsodrillia Woodring, 1928, from the Miocene of Jamaica; both have cylindrical protoconchs of two whorls, strong insertion callus at the top of the inner lip, and no “Stromboid”-notch in the lower outer lip. Compsodrillia differs from Austrodrillia only in having a weaker siphonal notch, a more distinct fasciole, and a heavy subsutural cord. True Austrodrillia does not occur in New Zealand, but a new sub^ genus ( Regidrillia ) is proposed herein for a deep water Three Kings Islands species. Inquisitor is discussed elsewhere in this bulletin. 84 Genus Mauidrillia n. gen. Type. Mangiha praccophinodes Suter, 1917. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. This genus is proposed for a group of small Austro-Neozelanic “Drillias” with a New Zealand range of from the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene to the (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene; but reaching Recent times in Southern Australia, . T ? ie gen .^ S ls characterised by its globular protoconch of two smooth whorls, lack of insertion callus, broad, rather shallow, subsutural sinus occupying most of the shoulder, anterior canal very shallowly notched with oblique termination, and a weak “Stromboid”- notch m the lower portion of the outer lip. The sculpture is axial, crossed by spiral threads or cords. Subsutural cord present or absent. In the Australian Tertiary, Pleurotoma pullulascens Tenison-Woods, 1877 (Janjukian) may be included in Mauidrillia, for that species has the same style of protoconch and is strikingly similar in facies to New Zealand members such as imparilirata n. sp. and inae- quahs n. sp. Pleurotoma consutilis Tenison-Woods, 1880 (Ralcombian) appears to be allied also, the only leally discordant feature being the lirate interior of the aperture. The genus leaches Recent times in Australian waters with Drillia jaffaensis Verco, 1909, from 130 fathoms off Cape Jaffa, South Australia. Possibly the deep water Tasmanian Drillia schoutanica May, 1911, belongs here also, but I have no material for actual comparison. Both these species were included in Epideira by Hedley (1922, pp. 229, 230). Key to N.Z. Species of Mauidrillia. A. Axial ribs 9-12 per whorl. Axials reaching both sutures. Subsutural cord weak. Shoulder with strong spiral cords, equal to those below periphery. Axials 9-10 per whorl. * cinctuta (Marwick) Axials reaching lower but not upper suture. Shoulder with weaker spirals than those below periphery. Axials 9-10 per whorl, carinate at periphery . * imparilirata n. sp. Axials 11-12 per whorl, bluntly rounded at periphery.* inaequalis n. sp. Axials bluntly nodulous, confined to periphery. Subsutural cord strong. Shoulder practically smooth. Axials 9-11 per whorl. *supralaevis n. sp. Subsutural cord weak. Shoulder with cords equal to those below periphery. Axials 9-12 per whorl. * clavicula n. sp. B. Axial ribs 13-15 per whorl. Axials reaching both sutures. Subsutural cord weak or obsolete. Spirals rather strong below periphery, only one thread on shoulder. Axials 15 per whorl, narrow, flexuous, slightly tubercular on keel.* unilirata n. sp. Axials not reaching both sutures. Spirals well developed on base, obsolete or subobsolete on spire. Axials weak, oblique, not reaching either suture .. *praecophinodes (Suter) Axials stronger, tubercular on keel, less oblique, reaching lower suture only *costifcr (Suter) Spirals numerous, well developed over whole shell. Axials moderately strong, oblique, not reaching either suture . *angustata n. sp. Spirals completely absent. Axials 14 per whorl, tubercular at periphery . *acuta (Marwick) Mauidrillia cinctuta (Marwick, 1929). 1929 Austrodrillia cinctuta Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, pp. 922, 934, f. /4. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Chatton, Southland (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. 85 Mauidrillia inaequalis n. sp. PL 1, fig. 11. Shell of moderate size. Spire slightly higher than aperture plus canal. Whorls 7^, including typical, small, smooth protoconch of 11 inflated whoils. Whoils stiongly angu- late just above middle, and with a deeply concave shoulder. Cord maigining uppei sutuie subobsolete. Axials broad, and rounded, 11-12 per whorl, not reaching uppei sutuie, strongest at keel, and becoming weaker towards lower sutuie, absent fiom base. Shell crossed by fine, crisp, close spaced, spirals, weak on shoulder, but moderately strong below, and on base, neck and fasciole; 7-8 from peripheral angle to lowei sutuie. Apei- ture rather small and narrow. Subsutural sinus rather broad and shallow. Lower outer lip with characteristic weak “Stromboid”-notch. Anterior canal of moderate length. Height, 10 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Otiake (type) Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene; Blue Cliffs and Pareora River, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mauidrillia imparilirata n. sp. PL 1, fig. 8. Shell smaller and more stumpy than inaequalis, with a shorter canal and the axials carinate at the peripheral angle. Whorls 51, including typical protoconch of 14 whorls. Whorls strongly angulate just above middle, and with a deeply concave shoulder. Sutural cord weak. Axials broad and rounded, carinate and weakly spinose at the angle, 9-10 per whorl, not extending to upper suture; very little diminished at lower suture, and absent from the base. Spirals very weak on shoulder, quite strong and crisp below, seven from peripheral angle to lower suture. Aperture as in last species, except that it is wider, and with a shorter canal. Height, 6.8 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (type) ; Awakino Gorge between road-tunnel and Mahoenui, blue mudstone between Te Kuiti and Mahoenui limestones (Hutchin- sonian) Lower Miocene. Mauidrillia supralaevis n. sp. PL 1, fig. 7. Shell of moderate size. Spire 14 times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 71, including typical protoconch of 14 whorls. Whorls bluntly but strongly angulate at middle. Cord margining upper suture strong. Axials bluntly tubercular, not extending over shoulder, weak towards lower suture, 9-11 per whorl. Spiral sculpture absent from shoulder, four moderately strong spiral cords from angulation to lower suture, ten on base and neck, and a few weak threads on fasciole. Sinus very wide and comparatively deep, “Stromboid”-notch distinct. Height, 10 mm., diameter, 4.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Target Gully (type) ; Rifle Butts; Awamoa and Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mauidrillia clavicula n. sp. PL 1, fig. 12. Shell small. Spire 14 times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 64, including typi¬ cal protoconch of 14 whorls. Whorls strongly angled at middle. Cord margining suture weak. Axials as strong blunt knobs at angle, not extending to either suture, 9-12 per whorl, ten on penultimate in holotype. Spiral sculpture in one series of evenly spaced crisp cords, not differentiated on shoulder, nine on spire whorls, ten on base and neck, and about seven on fasciole. Apertural features typical, but anterior canal rather short. Height, 8.25 mm.; diameter, 3.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Target Gully (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 86 Mauidrillia unilirata n. sp. PI. 1, fig. iq \vh Sh , ell R° f moderate size ’ fair] y br oad. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. middle^ withVdeenl P1 ’°* 0C “’ ch - WhorIs strongly angulate just a trifle below the ’ d ? concave shoulder and a weak sutural cord. Axials numerous, 15 pei w 01 , thin and sinuous extending from suture to suture. On the shoulder they are broadly aicuate following the smus curve, while below they slope obliquely forwards; strongest medially, where they are slightly tubercular on the angle. On the shouldei’ th , ,. hlnge medlan s^ral thread. General spiral sculpture of moderately strong, rounded linear-spaced cords, four below angulation on spire whorls, and about seven¬ teen on base, neck and tasciole; those on neck slightly wider spaced, and those on fasciole weakei. Aperture of moderate size, anterior canal fairly short. Height, 7.5 mm.; diameter, 3.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The species shows relationship with cinctuta (Marwick). Mauidrillia praecophinodes (Suter, 1917). 1917 Mangilia praecophinodes Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 56, PI. 12. f. 18. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Rifle Butts, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mauidrillia costifer (Suter, 1917). 1917 Orillia (Crassispira) costifer Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 48, PI. 6, f. 5. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Pukeuri (type) and Awamoa, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mauidrillia angustata n. sp. PL 1 , fig. 9. Shell small, narrowly fusiform. Spire barely 1J times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 6 h including typical protoconch of H whorls. Axials moderately strong, oblique, not reaching either suture, thickened and laterally compressed at periphery, fourteen on penultimate. Spiral sculpture equally strong both above and below periphery; seven pri¬ mary cords on spire whorls, those below the angle with a tiny thread in each interspace. Aperture narrow, and canal long. Height, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 3.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pukeuri, near Oamaru; Ardgowan (specimens not quite typical, but not separ¬ able) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mauidrillia acuta (Marwick, 1928). 1928 Inquisitor acutus Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, pp. 490, 506, f. 142. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Whenuataru Peninsula, Chatham Islands (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Genus Aoteadrillia n. gen. Type : Pleurotoma wanganuiensis Hutton, 1873. (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene, N.Z. This genus is provided for a second group of small “Drillias,” restricted to New Zea¬ land and with a range from (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene to Recent. The genus is characterised by a depressed papillate protoconch of two to three glossy whorls, the last whorl developing a blunt submedian carina, and typically (Group B) with the addition of upper and lower sutural submargining cords. These are absent in the Group A protoconch. Insertion callus lacking, sinus subsutural, typically rather deep, U-shaped, restricted above by a heavy subsutural spiral cord. Anterior canal broadly and shallowly notched, with an oblique termination. Lower outer lip with a slight indenta¬ tion, scarcely a “Stromboid”-notch. Sculpture of axials crossed by spiral cords or of strong spiral keels rendered gemmate or nodulous by the axials. Group A has a range from Hutchinsonian (Lower Miocene) to Recent and Group B Waitotaran to Recent. otagoensis n. sp. Key to Species of Aoteadrillia. A. Protoconch depressed, papillate, of 2-3 smooth, glossy whorls; last whorl with a blunt sub¬ median carina. Adult whorls with a very weak subsutural cord. Shoulder bearing spiral threads. Axials heavy, bluntly rounded, extending from half, to two-thirds whorl height. Axials 8 per whorl, crossed by three primary cords . *callimorpha (Suter) Axials 10-12 per whorl, crossed by bifid peripheral cord and single one below it razvitensis (Hedley) Axials 11 per whorl, crossed by five primary cords. bulbacca (Watson) Axials restricted to a broad, massive, rounded peripheral keel. Axials 12 per whorl, confined to keel . Shoulder without spiral threads. Axials 7-9, tubercular, crossed by 4 cords . *e.vigm (Marwick) Axials 9-11, tubercular, crossed by 4-6 cords . *ihungia (Marwick) B. Piotoconch with the addition of an upper and a lower sutural margining cord. Adult whorls with a prominent subsutural cord. Shoulder bearing spiral threads. Spire whorls with two nodulose keels; lower one the weaker and close to lower suture, no spiral cords beneath it. Axials 11 per whorl, shell narrow, angle at lower third . *waihuaensis n. sp. Axials 16-17 per whorl, shell broad, angle submedian . *thomsoni n. sp. Spire whorls with two spiral cords beneath the two keels. Axials 15-21 per whorl, crossed by four narrow cords Cords beneath keels weak or (typically) absent. Axials 15 per whorl, crossed by two strongly gemmate cords .. chordata (Suter) Spire whorls with three peripheral spirals, middle one strongest and nodulose. Axials 15 per whorl, shell narrow, angle at lower third . *trifida n sp Spire whorls with sparse, bluntly rounded heavy axials. Axials 9 per whorl, crossed by three primary spiral cords; body-whorl suddenly contracted . * » . i ft , , .. *conseqnens (Laws) Axials 9 per whorl, crossed by four primary spiral cords; body-whorl gradually , continued .. *apicarinata (Marshall & Murdoch) Shoulder bearing two strong cords in place of spiral threads. Axials 20-22 per whorl, weaker than spirals . , . Shoulder without spiral threads. . pnlayi n. sp. Axials 12 per whorl. Axials broadly rounded heavy bisected by a weak linear median spiral groove Axials as a double peripheral series of vertically compressed nodules. ^ S * ’ Two equally strong closely spaced peripheral keels * Iff * restricted^) r Tt T ‘ "T" ^ ^ be '° W ' •' •' ’’ •’ •’ ■ • •' •' • • ^ (Marwick! Axials restricted to a single median row of prominent pointed nodules ... zvanganuiensis (Hutton) Axials 14 per whorl. Axials stout but narrowly crested, higher than width *beta (King) * alpha (King) Group A Protoconch. Aoteadrillia exigua (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Inquisitor exigua Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 142, PI. l, f. 304 Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1292 Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. 88 Aoteadrillia ihungia (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Inquisitor ihungia Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 143 , PI. 16, f. 302. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1237, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Aoteadrillia callimorpha (Suter, 1917). 1917 Drillia callimorpha Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 48. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Target Gully, near Oamaru (type) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Aoteadrillia rawitensis (Hedley, 1922). PL 13, fig. io. 1913 Drillia angasi: Suter (non Crosse 1863) Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 1922 Austro drillia rawitensis Hedley, Rec. Aust. Mus. 13, p. 248. Suter, 1913; non Crosse, 1863. 480. Nom nov. for Drillia angasi: Holotype: As Suter’s Bay of Islands specimen cannot be found, an example in the writers’ collection (11.4 mm. x 5 mm.) from Aurere, Doubtless Bay, is here designated as Neotype. Localities: Bay of Islands (type) ; Cooper’s Beach and Aurere (neotype), Doubtless Bay; Whangaparapara, Great Barrier Id. Aoteadrillia bulbacea (Watson, 1881). 1881 Pleurotoma (Drillia) bulbacea Watson, J. Linn. Soc. 15, p. 418. 1886 Pleurotoma (Spirotropis) bulbacea Watson, “Challenger” Zool. 15, p. 325, PI. 25, f. 9. 1913 Spirotropis bulbacea Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 483. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: East of East Cape in 700 fathoms (“Challenger”). I have not seen this species, but from the good description and figure it almost cer¬ tainly belongs here. Aoteadrillia otagoensis n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 8. Shell of moderate size. Spire tabulated, one and a fifth times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls six, including a 24 whorled, blunt, smooth protoconch, the last whorl with a weak submedian carination. Post-nuclear whorls with a massive rounded carinal bulge studded with heavy, bluntly rounded tubercles, 12 on penultimate whorl. Spire outline between the coils of the carina practically vertical. Upper suture margined by a very weak cord barely stronger than the normal spiral sculpture. Spiral sculpture weak, but distinct, of flat-topped cords with linear interspaces, three above carina, 6-8 much finer and indistinct on carina and two below of same strength as those above. On the base a moderate angulation occurs in line with the lower suture, and there are 19 moderate, flat- topped, linear spaced cords on base, neck and canal. Subsutural sinus broad, moderately deep, occupying the shoulder. Anterior canal long, only slightly curved. Height 8.2 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Linlay collection). Localities: 50 fath. 10 miles E.N.E. Otago Heads (type); 72 fath. off Cape Saunders, Otago (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). The species has a superficial resemblance to Pleurotoma (Leucosyrinx) augusta Murdoch and Suter, 1906, which is a Paracomitas. 89 Group B Protoconch. Aoteadrillia asper (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Inquisitor asper Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst 56, p. 325, PI. 74, f. 7. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. > . Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1144, Okoke Road, 60 chains west of Pehu Trig, Upper Waitara Survey District (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Aoteadrillia gamma (King, 1933). 1933 Austrodrillia gamma King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 350, PI. 36, f. 8. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs E. of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Aoteadrillia beta (King, 1933). 1933 Austrodrillia beta King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 349, PI. 36, f. 7. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2329, 133 chains at 335° from Trig PI, Takapau (N.E.) S.D. (Below uppermost Te Aute limestone) Dannevirke S.D. (Upper Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Cliffs E. of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene (type). Aoteadrillia alpha (King, 1933). 1933 Austrodrillia alpha King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 349, PI. 36, f. 6. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs E. of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Aoteadrillia consequens (Laws, 1936). 1936 Austrodrillia consequens Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 66, p. 121, PI. 17, figs. 76, 78. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: Kaawa Creek, S. of Port Waikato (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Aoteadrillia apicarinata (Marshall & Murdoch, 1923). 1923 Drillia apicarinata Marshall & Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54, p. 125, PI. 12, f. 5. Holotype in Wanganui Museum. Localities: Waikopiro. Dr. H. J. Finlay informs me that this locality is a big Maori settle¬ ment in Block X, Takapau S.D., approximately 4 miles S.E. of Ormondville, and that Suter’s Waikopiro fossils are from the Petane series; Inner Harbour, Napier (Nuku¬ maruan) Middle Pliocene. Marshall and Murdoch’s illustration shows too regular an outline, the shoulder and sinus area insufficiently differentiated, and a grossly exaggerated undulated suture. Actually, the species is very close to consequens Laws, 1936, which may be regarded as its immediate ancestor. From this species apicarinata differs chiefly in having a longer, gradually contracted base, and longer, less projecting axials. Aoteadrillia thomsoni n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 7. Shell of moderate size, rather broad, with spire estimated as less than 11 times height of aperture plus canal (neck and canal missing in holotype). Whorls 61, includ¬ ing group B protoconch. Spire whorls with a heavy rounded cord margining upper suture, and a weak one at lower suture, immersed on upper whorls but emerging at the penulti¬ mate. There is a strong submedian angulation bearing numerous oblique laterally com¬ pressed axials which do not extend to the sutures; 16-17 on penultimate. This nodulous angulation is crossed by two moderately strong, close-spaced spiral cords, the upper one 90 more projecting and forming the peripheral angle. The shoulder bears from 4-6 distinct spiral threads Sinus subsutural, typical. Two additional specimens received from the N f G , 0gl ?, a S “ rV ! y , a , ft T the flgure was prepared show the base to have two moder- ae spn a coids situated high up, and about 16 fairly strong subsidiary threads below, those on the neck being finer and more closely spaced. Height (actual; canal missing), 7.6 mm.; diameter, 5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: East Shore of Lake Grassmere, Marlborough (Dr. J. A. Thomson) (Waito- taran) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 2329, 133 chains at 335° from Trig PI, Takapau (N.E.) S.D. (Below uppermost Te Aute limestone) Dannevirke S.D. (Upper Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Aoteadrillia waihuaensis n. sp. PL 12, fig. 14. Species related to the Waitotaran thomsoni, but smaller, proportionately much nar- lowei, and highei spired, with finer, more nodulous axials, and the peripheral keel set lowei down at about one third whorl height. Spire 11- times height of aperture plus canal, body-whoil somewhat truncated. Whorls 7, including group B protoconch. Sub¬ sutural cord heavy, broad and flat. Two main spiral keels on spire whorls, situated low down, one at the periphery and the other between it and the lower suture. Four fairly strong subsidiary spiral threads on the wide, steeply descending shoulder. Base with two moderate, smooth spiral cords, situated high up, one emerging from just beneath lower suture; rest of base with about 16 fairly strong subsidiary threads, those on neck and fasciole finer, and more closely spaced. Axials 11 per whorl, bluntly rounded, reach¬ ing lower suture, but rapidly fading out on shoulder, forming vertically compressed, bluntly rounded nodules where crossed by the two keels, the uppermost of which is the more prominent and forms the peripheral angle. Height, 8.9 mm.; diameter, 3.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560 Waihua River, f mile upstream from Ngamahanga Stream, Wairoa S.D. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Aoteadrillia trifida n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 13. Species resembling waihuaensis in size and general features, but with more numerous axials, different arrangement of the spiral keels, and stronger spiral cords on the base. Whorls 7, including group B protoconch. Subsutural cord heavy, broad and flat. Three keels on spire whorls, middle one strongest, forming a blunt angle at the lower third. Lower suture margined by a half emergent smooth cord forming uppermost of two rather strong smooth cords on upper part of base. Eight further moderately strong smooth cords below, and a series of finer and closer threads on the neck and fasciole. Axials broadly rounded, not reaching either suture, weakly nodulose where crossed by the main keel. Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 2.9 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2624, Arenaceous mudstone, roadside about half way down hill at Makara-Mangaopari Junction, Waipawn S.D. (Lowei Nukumaiuan) Middle Pliocene. Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis (Hutton, 1873). 1873 Pleurotoma wanganuiensis Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 4. 1914 Drillia wanganuiensis Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 2, p. 29, PL 2, t. o. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: Pliocene: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2687, Road bend, 108 chains at 35 from Trig 55, Tahoraite (S V/.) S.D. Dannevirke S.D. (High up in Lower Nukumaruan) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 2707 , 123 chains at 207° from Trig T.l. Woodville (N.E.) S.D.; N.Z. G.S. loc. 91 2220, Devil’s Elbow Rd., main road between head of Maipau Stream and Taiaieie, Arapawanui River, Block 16, Maungaharuru S.D., Petane beds, Petane, Inner Hai- bour, Napier (sands above blue-clay), Hawkes Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene, Castlecliff (= Shakespeare Cliff, type) ; Kai Iwi, near Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Recent: Tryphena Bay 5-6 fath., Great Barrier Island; near Oneroa, Waiheke Island, Auckland. The species grouped around wanganuiensis originated from the Waitotaran thomsoni, a squat-spired shell in which the lower of the two peripheral keels is situated close to the lower suture, leaving no space for the appearance of lower spiral cords on the spire whorls. With the lengthening of the spire in subsequent species, several plain spiral cords emerge from beneath the main peripheral keels. The main line is represented by wanganuiensis, with a range from Nukumaruan to Recent. Diveigent Nukumaiuan foims are bisecta, in which the finer secondary spiral threads have disappeared and the axials have become prominently nodulous and bisected by a spiral grove, and finlayi, which has the spirals dominant and the axials much weaker and more numerous. Two forms of wanganuiensis occur throughout its range, the typical species having long axials crossed by three to four spiral cords, and the second form chordata, with shorter and stronger axials forming a double peripheral series of strong rounded nodules. The form chordata is here separated subspecifically, for although the two forms are undoubtedly closely allied, Recent examples of chordata seem to be restricted to the Forsterian province, whereas all the known Recent occurrences of wanganuiensis are from North Cookian localities. : j As the whole group shows a tendency towards individual variation, only the more stable elements are here named. Several unique specimens from Nukumaruan localities do not exactly fit any of these species, but their description is withheld until series are available. Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis chordata (Suter, 1908). 1908 Drillia chordata Suter, Proc. Mai. Soc. 8, p. 184, PI. 7, f. 16. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: Pliocene. Petane, Hawkes Bay (A. Hamilton collection) ; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1590 —railway cutting 55 chains N.E. of Leader Bridge, Hawkeswood S.W. Amuri, Kai- koura S.D. (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Recent. Dredged off Otago Heads (type) ; 60 fathoms off Otago Heads (H. J. Finlay coll.) ; 40-50 fath. off Cape Saun¬ ders, Otago (C. R. Laws coll.) ; 50 fath. off Oamaru (H. J. Finlay coll.). The subspecies has not been located as yet in the Castlecliffian. Only the Recent shells from 40-60 fathoms, Otago, are really typical. These have the two spiral keels heavily developed and bearing strong oval nodules at the axial inter¬ sections. Usually, the plain spiral cords below the keels are absent; when present they are weak and inconspicuous. The series of Nukumaruan examples tend closer to wan¬ ganuiensis, having the secondary spiral striae more pronounced than in typical chordata . Aoteadrillia bisecta n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size. Spire tabulated, H times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls eight, including typical, blunt, 2 b whorled smooth protoconch. Spire whorls with a heavy, smooth, rounded cord margining upper suture, a weaker but distinct one at lower suture, and a prominent rounded median bulge bearing heavy blunt knobs, 13 on penul¬ timate. The spire is smooth, quite devoid of subsidiary spirals, except for a single weakly incised narrow groove which bisects the nodulous median bulge. On the base there aie two close-spaced, heavy, rounded spiral cords, uppermost being the continuation of 92 the lower sutural cord of the sdiVp nh\ a u 1J? . wide spaced narrow, weak cord S P below and el 8 “ ln | lmersed 011 a11 spire whorls), two m eaCh mterSpaCe > on neck and weak fascicle. Apertural features typical Height, 11.8 mm, j diameter, 4 mm. Hdotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc 2610 Maknra 1 , , . function ontcrnn PZ’ 7 u , ’ ab ° Ut 50 chams L, P from Ruakakapatuna nmnty PetMe HawW ^ ^ Stream ’ Wai P awa S.D. (Lower Nukuma. c ), etane, Hawke s Bay (type) (Upper Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Aoteadrillia finlayi n. sp. PL 1 , fig. 5 . Shell of moderate size. Spire almost H times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls seven, including blunt, smooth typical protoconch of 2 f whorls. Post-nuclear sculpture of strong spiral cords and numerous very oblique weak axials ( 20-22 per whorl) which are al LfTF 1- tb f n the spirals - Cord margining upper suture moderate, becoming s ig t y distant from the suture on later whorls. Lower sutural cord immersed except on body-whorl Two mam spiral cords on median angulation, the uppermost forming the weak peripheral angle. Two rather strong subsidiary spirals on shoulder, and another between lower median cord and lower suture, about 21 on base, neck and weak fasciole. Height, 12.1 mm.; diameter, 4.6 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Cliff opposite Eskdale Bridge, Petane, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. (Coll. Dr. C. R. Laws.) Genus Inquisitor Hedley, 1918. Pleurotoma awamoaensis Hutton, 1873, presents an intricate problem, for there are two forms, one with a polygyrate protoconch of 5 whorls with a minute pointed tip, the other with a paucispiral blunt protoconch of 21 whorls, yet in shape and sculpture of the adult shell there appear to be no marked differences. True awamoaensis has ruder and more vertical axials, a slightly longer beak, finer and more distant main spirals on body-whorl, and a weaker sutural cord, but none of these points of difference are well marked. In the light of the basic differences indicated by diversity in the nucleus in other groups, it seems better, in spite of adult close similarities, to separate the two “ awamoaensis ” forms generically. Suter (1914) describes the protoconch as conoid of 2\ convex whorls, and although the number of whorls is understated, the ‘,conoidal” shape fixes the polygyrate apiced species as true awamoaensis. Generically, this species is almost certainly an Inquisitor , the genotype of which is the Recent Queensland Pleurotoma sterrha Watson, described as hav¬ ing a protoconch “of about 2\ very small, conically tapered embryonic whorls, parted by a very fine suture and rising to a minute rounded tip which is very much bent down on one side” (Watson 1886, p. 306). The latter remark probably refers to an individual mal¬ formation. Crassispira Swainson, 1840, type Pleurotoma bottae Valenciennes, Recent, West Mexico, is similar, except that the canal is short and the sutural fold very broad and pro¬ minent. Clathrodrillia Dali, 1918, type Pleurotoma gibbosa Reeve, Recent, Indian Ocean, is similar also, except for the heavy varix set some distance behind the aperture, a feature which connects it with “the presence of occasional varices” as ascribed to the type of Inquisitor. In fact, if gibbosa, a little known species, is found to be congeneric with flavidulus Lamarck (Illus. Grant & Gale 1931, pi. 26, f. 4), which has a longer canal, then, apart from the strong labial varix, there is little real difference between Inquisitor and Clathrodrillia. Bluntly rounded axials stopped at the anal fasciole and crossed by legulai spirals, together with the presence of a sutural submargining cord, represents a style of sculp- 93 , • -LU n oao^mhlaQ-P It is not an impossibility therefore to ture which is general m the Dnlha a & • pn renresentatives of „ et such complete resemblance in adult shell characters that even representatives o. get sucn compitac , vpnvpsent but a single species. I therefore view different generic mes may ap representing two different lines which at this the two contemporary awarnoaensis forms as lepiesenu. g f , bv plose quT)er one time level, the Awamoan, had their respective identities confused by close supei ficial similarity in all respects but that of the protoconch. _ If the reference of true awamoaensis to the tropical Queensland genus InquisUor is cor¬ rect, then the arrival of the genus in New Zealand or the reverse can be explained by the presence of the “Sinusigera” apex. On account of its blunt paucispiral protoconch, the group covering the false awamoa- cnsis cannot be located in Inquisitor, nor is it covered by any known genus, so is accord¬ ingly here separated as a new genus, having all the essential adult features of I nquu,tor but an atypical protoconch. There are two related Hutchinsoman species Inqumtor wa,- horaensis Marwick, 1931, and I. kebes Marwick, 1931, and there remains the problematic / fraudator, which, owing to the absence of the apical whorls, cannot be definitely placed in one or the other of the "awamoacnsis groups,” but from the fact that the sutural cord is weak in true awamoaensis and stronger in the second group, fraudator most likely belongs to the latter, for which I provide the new genus Psendoinqmsitor, with the Awamoan pro- blematicus n. sp. as type. Closely related but not identical, are a series of Upper Pliocene and Recent species typified by Drillia maorum Smith, 1877. These species have an apex of the same general style as in Pseudoinquisitor problematicus, the only difference being a stiengthening of the spirals on the last half-whorl. In adult features, however, the maorum line differs in being of lighter build, the anal sinus is broader and shallower, and there is no trace of a parietal entering callus pad. For these species I propose a further new genus Antimela- tonia, with maorum Smith as type. Medley’s (1922, p. 250) reference of buchanani to Melatoma Swainson, 1840, raises once more the question of the status of this doubtful genus, which has been synonymised with Clionella Gray, 1847, by Hedley (1922, p. 249) although this association had already been rejected by Iredale (1918, p. 33). The monotype of Swainson’s Melatoma was stated by its author to have come from Ohio, and presumably is fresh-water, and therefore non Turrid, but Dali considered that Melatoma equals and of course predates Clionella . Until the identity of the genotype can be determined, however, Melatoma should be rejected. Clionella is an African Clavatulid group quite unlike the New Zealand shells discussed above. In Australia, I. coriorudis Hedley, 1922, from 300 fath. off Sydney and other Recent Australian species ascribed to Inquisitor by Hedley (1922) appear to belong to Pseudo- inquisitor , but without examining actual material, resemblances indicated by figures and descriptions are not conclusive. A number of Hedley’s (1922) placings in Inquisitor and Melatoma require redistribution. The Australian Tertiary Drillia oblongula Harris, 1897 (Balcombian) and several new species (Kalimnan) seem to belong to Pseudoinquisitor also. Two allied new genera each with a distinctive paucispiral apex are represented by the respective species Drillia vixum- bilicata Harris, 1897 (Balcombian) and Drillia Integra Tenison-Woods, 1880 (Balcombian). They are here nominated and diagnosed:— Integradrillia n. gen. Type: Drillia Integra Tenison-Woods. Protoconch rather bluntly conic of two smooth whorls, the initial coil lateral, termin¬ ated by a thin flexuous varix, concave above and produced forwards below. Several simi¬ lar variciform threads just prior to the terminal varix, otherwise the whole protoconch is smooth and glossy. The adult sculpture commences immediately after the terminal nuclear varix, without a brephic stage. In adult characters the genus resembles Pseudo- 94 inquisito) except that theie is no subsutural told and the parietal callus pad slightly con- s i uc s e sinus, len eung it subtubular. Broadly rounded axials crossed by dense crisp spiral cords characterise the sculpture. Vixinquisitor n. gen. Type; Drilha vixiirnbihcatci Harris. Protoconch subcylmdrical of 21 smooth glossy whorls, first whorl bulbous, somewhat a . ene a ove, wicei and more convex than the almost straight-sided succeeding whorl, w ic 1 passes a ruptly into the adult sculpture, with just a few faint sinuous growth lines. n a u_ features the genus differs from Integradrillia in having weak to subobsolete oblique axials, dense, fine spirals, a narrow subsutural margining, and a more shallow sinus less constricted by the parietal callus pad. Genus Inquisitor Hedley, 1918. Type (o.d.) : Plcurotoma sterrha Watson. Recent, North Queensland. Shell slender, narrowly fusiform, with tall spire and moderately long, very weakly notched anterior canal. Sculpture of prominent long axials crossed by spiral cords. Pro¬ toconch smooth, polygyrate and narrowly conical. Sinus deep “IT-shaped, narrow, some¬ what restricted by a subsutural margining cord and a parietal callus pad. Distribution in New Zealand, (Tahuian) Upper Eocene, (Hutchinsonian) Lower Mio¬ cene and (Awamoan) Middle Miocene Recent in Australia. Key to N.Z. Species of Inquisitor. Axials very oblique, 13 per whorl. Spiral sculpture very weak . *waihaoensis n. sp. Axials vertical, 10-11 per whorl. Spiral sculpture crisp and strong. Subsutural border bearing 2 weak threads. Sliouldei spiials vei> fine . *azmmoaensis (Hutton) Subsutural border bearing 3 strong threads. Shoulder spirals quite strong . Homiticus Laws Inquisitor waihaoensis n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 2. This single large specimen, having a complete apex, and well preserved generally, except that the outer lip is broken away, is an Eocene ancestor to the well known Awamoan anmnoaensis. It differs in having more numerous and more oblique and nar¬ rowly arched axials, 13 on penultimate, a wider shoulder, a weaker subsutural band and very weak spiral sculpture. Whorls 13, including 5 whorled, smooth, narrowly conic protoconch as in awamoaensis. There are about 8 indistinct very weak spiral cords below the shoulder on the spire whorls and about 37 on the body-whorl, base and neck. Height, 33.7 mm.; diameter, 9 mm. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, Waihao, South Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Inquisitor komiticus Laws, 1939. 1939 Inquisitor komiticus Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 498. Not figured. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Inquisitor awamoaensis (Hutton, 1873). PI. 3, fig. 1. 1873 1914 Pleurotoma aivarnoaensis Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 4. Drillia awamoaensis ■ Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 2, p. 30, PI. 2, f. 11. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: Awakino Gorge, Mahoenui beds, 1 mile west of road tunnel (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; Awamoa (type) ; Target Gully, near Oamaru; Mt. Harris and Blue Cliffs, S. Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 95 Genus Pseudoinquisitor n. gen. Type: P. problematical n. sp. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. N.Z. The genus has all the characters of Inquisitor except for an atypical, paucispiral, bluntly rounded, smooth protoconch of 2-1 whorls. The definite range of the genus in New Zealand is (Hutchinsoman) Lower Miocene to (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Possibly it extends back to the (Bortonian) Middle Eocene, that is if fraudator is correctly assigned. There is a Recent Australian, occurrence i coriomdis Hedley from 300 fath. off Sydney. Key to N.Z. Species of Pseudoinquisitor. Shoulder smooth. Peripheral angle median; 4-6 spiral cords on spire whorls. fMarwick) Spire long and tapered . * /n ,^ (M arwick) Spire short and broad . Shoulder with fine but distinct lirations. Peripheral angle above the middle; 4-5 spiral cords on spire whorls. . . -hroblcmaticus n. sp. Spire long and tapered . 1 , . v , , , ,, n 4- inrlnrlpfl in the kev as the type is not well enough preserved Note: The Matau (Bortonian) fraudator is not mciuuea in uie Ke.> for definite generic location. ?Pseudoinquisitor fraudator (Finlay & Marwick, 1937). 1937 Inquisitor fraudator Finlay & Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 114, PI. 16, f. 3. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Castle Hill Shaft (Matau Fauna — Bortonian) Middle Eocene. The status of the species is uncertain, as both the apical whorls and the outei-lip are unknown. Pseudoinquisitor waihoraensis (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Inquisitor waihoraensis Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 142, PI. 16, f. 303. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1294 (type), 1328 and 1371, Gisborne, Ihungia Series (Hut- chinsonian) Lower Miocene. Pseudoinquisitor hebes (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Inquisitor hebes Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 142, PI. 16, f. 301. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1293, Gisborne, Ihungia Series. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Pseudoinquisitor problematicus n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 3. Shell, as already stated, almost a replica of Inquisitor awamoaensis except for the pau¬ cispiral protoconch. Whorls 10, including protoconch. Spire a little more than 14 times height of aperture. Post-nuclear sculpture of prominent, broadly rounded axials, extend¬ ing from shoulder angle to the lower suture, continued over base; 11 on penultimate whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of a moderate subsutural cord, very fine lirations on the concave shoulder, and 4-5 strong but narrow rounded cords, the second from above at the angle. There are about 14 cords on the base and neck, with an occasional weak intermediate. The aperture is narrow, the canal moderately long, slightly asymmetri¬ cally notched, and the anal sinus deep, but occupying only a little more than half the width of the shoulder, it being restricted above by both the subsutural cord and the heavy parietal insertion callus. The outer lip, also, has a weak insinuation at about one third the distance from the tip of the canal to the shoulder angle. Height, 21.8 mm.; diameter, 6.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pukeuri (type) and Rifle Butts near Oamaru. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 96 Genus Antimelatoma n. gen. Type: Drillia maorum Smith. Recent, N.Z. Shell with a broad, rather shallow “U”-shaped sinus, no parietal entering callus pad, and a blunt paucispiral protoconch of slightly more than two whorls; first whorl smooth, dome-shaped, second with four distinct spiral cords. Anterior canal moderately long, unnotched. Outei lip without a “Stromboid”-notch. Sculpture axial and spiral. Range, (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene to Recent, New Zealand. Key to Species of Antimelatoma. Spire whorls with 2 keels. Shoulder wide, steeply descending. Surface glossy . ahiparana n. sp. Spire whorls with 5-6 primary cords. No interstitial spirals except occasional ones on base. Axials nearly vertical . benthicola n. sp. Interstitial spirals throughout. Axials oblique. Cords on spire whorls subequal. Canal long . *buchanani (Hutton) Cords on spire whorls unequal, 1 and 3 below angle stronger. Canal shorter maorum (Smith) Antimelatoma buchanani (Hutton, 1873). 1873 Pleurotoma buchanani Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 4. 1893 Pleurotoma buchanani : Hutton. Macleay Mem. Vol. Plioc. Moll. PI. 6, f. 26. 1914 Drillia buchanani : Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 2, p. 29. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2687, road bend, 108 chains at 35° from Trig. 55, Tahoraite (S.W.) S.D., Dannevirke S.D. (high in Lower Nukumaruan); N.Z. G.S. loc. 2220, Devil’s Elbow, main road between head of Maipau Stream and Tararere, Arapawanui River, Block 16, Maungaharuru S.D.; Inner Harbour, Napier, sands above blue clays; Petane; middle of Newton Range (middle marl) Tutira, Hawke’s Bay (Nukuma¬ ruan) Middle Pliocene; “Shakespeare Cliff” (type) = Castlecliff, Wanganui (Castle- cliffian) Upper Pliocene. Antimelatoma buchanani maorum (Smith, 1877). 1877 Drillia ? maorum Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vol. 19, p. 497. 1880 Pleurotoma buchanani • Hutton. Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 42 (non Hutton 1873). 1905 Surcula buchanani maorum ■ Suter, Proc. Mai. Soc. 6, p. 200. 1913 Drillia buchanani maorum : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 474: 191o (Atlas of Plates), PI. 46, f. 22. Localities: Auckland Harbour; Tryphena Bay 5-6 fath. and Oruawharo, Great Barrier Island; Taupo Bay, Whangaroa; 25 fath. Hen and Chickens Is.; 60 fath. Poor Knights Islands. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). The Pliocene buchanani and the Recent maorum Smith are very closely allied and both are subject to a considerable amount of variation in respect to the even or differential development in the spiral sculpture. In the aggregate, however, buchanani tends to de¬ velop 5-6 subequal cords, whereas maorum usually has cords 1 and 3 (downwards fiom angle) somewhat stronger. This does not always apply, however, but a constant differ¬ ence is in the length of the canal, which is invariably shorter in the Recent species. This slight but constant difference is best expressed as subspecific only. However, there are at least two Recent benthic allies of buchanani maorum which rank as distinct species and are described below. 97 Antimelatoma benthicola n. sp. PL 2, fig. 10. This species has the general proportions of buchanani and mao-rum except that it is narrower. Both above mentioned species have narrow primary cords with several threads in each interspace. In benthicola the primary cords are much thicker and heavier, and the subsidiary spirals are restricted to an occasional one, between the coids on the base only. Of the five primary cords on the spire whorls, the upper three are subequal in development, but in arrangement cords 1 and 2 are at the angle, separated only by a nai- row incised line, 3 is wider spaced, as also are 4 and 5, the latter two being slightly weaker. The axials are broadly rounded folds, much nearer vertical than in buchanani or maorum. Whorls 74, including protoconch of slightly more than two whorls, as figured for maorum (Text fig. CIO). Axials 14 on penultimate. Shoulder devoid of spiral striae. Base with 6 primary cords, followed by three much weaker ones near the termin¬ ation of the beak. No insertion callus. Outer lip not thickened, with a weak insinuation below, scarcely a notch, situated rather high up at about two filths distance from tip of canal to shoulder angle. Sinus broad and rather deep, occupying the shoulder. Anterior canal short as in maorum. Colour white; maorum varies from light reddish-brown to chocolate. Height, 14.4 mm.; diameter, 5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 50-70 fath. off Otago Heads. Antimelatoma ahiparana n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 11. This distinctive species has a glossy surface, a much wider and more downward sloping- shoulder, only two strong spirals on the spire whorls, no subsidiary spirals, and a long- canal. Axials slightly oblique, 13 on penultimate, strongly developed only in the vicinity of the two, close spaced, peripheral cords; they do not reach the base. Basal spirals about nine, strong and wide-spaced above, but weak and indistinct towards end of beak. The uppermost basal spiral is at lower suture, and this on the spire whorls just shows as a faint supramargining of the sutures, which are also weakly and narrowly margined below. Whorls 74, including a protoconch of slightly more than two whorls, as figured for maorum. Colour buff, irregularly and indistinctly streaked with pale reddish-brown. Height, 12.7 mm.; diameter, 4.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: 23 fathoms off Ahipara. Erroneously recorded from there (Powell 1927, p. 296) as Melatoma buchanani maorum. Genus Austrodrillia Hedley, 1918. Sub-genus Regidrillia n. sub-gen. Type: A. (R.) sola n. sp. Recent, N.Z. This is the nearest approach in the New Zealand fauna to the Australian Recent Austrodrillia. The only available specimen is from 100 fathoms off the Three Kings Islands, and although it beais close superficial resemblance to Austrodrillia, particularly beraudiana, the protoconch is discordant. That of Austrodrillia has two elevated smooth whorls, but in Regidrillia the protoconch is larger, of 21, whorls, proportionately much broader, and weakly carinate on the last whorl, the carina commencing near the lower suture but becoming nearly central over the last half-whorl. The adult features are closely similar to those of Austrodrillia:— sutural submargining weak; sculpture of strong axials, obsolete on shoulder; spiral sculpture weak; very heavy entering parietal callus; sinus moderate, U-shaped, occupying lower half of shoulder, restricted above by the parietal callus; outer-lip rather thin, vertical, without a “Stromboid”-notch; anterior canal shallowly notched. 98 Austrodrillia (Regidrillia) sola n. sp. PL 10, tig. 4. Shell of moderate size, strong, whorls 7, including a smooth conical protoconch as described above, which bears a weak carina on the last whorl. Spire one and a fifth times height of aperture plus canal. Axials very broad, strong, reaching from peri¬ pheral angle, which is just above the middle, to lower suture, and extending weakly over the base to the neck, 10 on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture of weak, low rounded cords, 5 on spire whorls from peripheral angle to lower suture, 4 on base, and 8, closer spaced on neck. The shoulder is smooth. Aperture rather narrow, sides subparallel, outer lip thin but strengthened behind by a heavy axial; no “Stromboid’’-notch. Sinus U-shaped, moderately deep, occupying lower half of shoulder. Entering parietal callus heavy. Colour pale buff, protoconch and a broad basal spiral band light reddish brown. A second band of very light reddish brown occurs from below the periphery and leaves a moderate band of ground colour between it and the darker basal band. Height, 10.8 mm.; diameter, 4.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection (Auckland Museum). Locality: 100 fathoms off Three Kings Islands. Genus Tahudrillia n. gen. Type: T. simplex n. sp. (Tahuian) Upper Eocene, N. Z. This new genus is provided for a solitary species from the New Zealand Upper Eocene (Tahuian). Just how it is related in respect to the rather numerous Drillia- like lines is difficult to determine, but the Recent Australian Austrodrillia appears to be the nearest allied genus. From Austrodrillia the new Eocene genus differs in having a larger and more depressed dome-shaped protoconch, weak axial sculpture and in lacking the charac¬ teristic heavy entering parietal callus pad, this being represented as a thin glaze only. The depressed dome-shaped protoconch, weak axial sculpture and obsolete spiral sculp¬ ture suggest Splendrillia, but the simple outer-lip profile without trace of a “Stromboid” notch, and the anterior notch in line with the axis, not slightly oblique to it, are features that are more in accord with Austrodrillia. Tahudrillia simplex n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 4. Shell of moderate size, rather narrowly biconic, with spire almost 14 times height of aperture. Whorls 64, including smooth dome-shaped protoconch of 14- whorls. Body- whorl gently and regularly contracted over base. Surface smooth except for distant laterally compressed axials on the spire whorls, terminating at the shoulder as blunt nodules, eight per whorl. Nodules obsolete on body-whorl, the axials becoming weaker and closer as lines of growth. Shoulder smooth, concave, slightly angulate at the peri¬ pheral row of nodules. Sinus broad, evenly arcuate, rather deep. Anterior canal broadly and shallowly notched. Outer lip thin, not variced, evenly broadly arcuate and vertical. Parietal callus thin. Height, 9.6 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, Waihao, South Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Genus Splendrillia Hedley, 1922. Type (o.d.): Drillia zvoodsi Beddome. Recent, S.E. Australia. Hedley placed his Splendrillia as a subgenus of Melatoma, a name which is in dispute, and as generally interpreted is equal to the Clavatulid genus Clionella, Splendrillia can have nothing in common with Clionella or Melatoma, but is fairly close to Dali’s Cyrnato- syrinx , type Plenrotoma lunata Lea, Miocene of Virginia, and the later proposed Eumeta- drillia Woodring, type Agladrillia (E.) serra, from the Miocene of Jamaica. Splendrillia is characterised by having prominent axial sculpture, but with the spiral sculpture absent, 99 subobsolete, or as fine threads or striations. Usually the shouldei has the sinus aiea restricted by a strong subsutural fold, but this also may be subobsolete 01 absent. The outer lip has a slight “Stromboid”-notch; there is a well developed parietal inser¬ tion callus pad; the sinus is situated on the shoulder and is rather deep, spout-like, with a thin raised rim. The protoconch is paucispiral, broad, bluntly rounded and smooth, and the operculum leaf-shaped with an apical nucleus (debitis). Cymatosyrinx need not be considered in respect to Austral shells, as the “Stromboid' - notch is very strongly developed, leaving a distinct groove cutting across the extremities of the axials on the neck, and the protoconch has the second whorl with a submedian carina. Eumetadrillia is much closer, the “Stromboid”-notch being weak, an insinuation only, just as in Splendrillia. In fact, the only apparent dissimilarity is that the protoconch is narrow in Eumetadrillia, but broad and dome-shaped in Splendrillia. The latter is repre¬ sented by a compact series of Australian Recent species and a New Zealand line ranging from (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene to Recent. Key to N.Z. Species of Splendrillia. Subsutural fold present; either prominent or subobsolete. Shoulder deeply and narrowly excavated. Dense spiral striations over all post-nuclear whcrls. Subsutural fold prominent. Peripheral angle well above middle. Axials 11-12 per whorl . *kornahinensis (Bartrum & Powell) Subsutural fold subobsolete. Peripheral angle well above middle. Axials oblique, higher than wide. Axials 13-14 per whorl; shell large, body-whorl long . *aequistriatci (Hutton) Axials 15-16 per whorl, body-whorl shorter . *annectens n. sp. Peripheral angle very low on spire to just below middle. Axials 9-10 per whorl, higher than wide . *afflicta (Marwick) Axials 10-11 per whorl, strong rounded knobs . *clava n. sp. Distant linear grooves cutting across axials. Subsutural fold very prominent. Axials 13 per whorl. *powelli (King) Spiral striations confined to base and neck. Spire about 1.3 height of aperture. Subsutural fold very prominent. Axials 10 per whorl, strong, arcuate. Shell small . *clifdcnensis n. sp. Axials 14 per whorl, strong, more vertical . larochei Powell Subsutural fold distinct. Peripheral angle just above middle. Axials 12-14 per whorl, broad, not reaching base . aoteana Finlay Axials 9-14 per whorl, narrow, reaching base . *filicosa (Marwick) Subsutural fold weak. Axials 10-12 per whorl, reduced to oblique pointed nodules on carina. debilis Finlay Spire about 1.6 height of aperture. Subsutural fold weak. Axials 13 per whorl . *edita n. sp. Spiral striations entirely absent, even from base and neck. Subsutural fold weak. Axials 10 per whorl. Shell small . otagoensis n. sp. Axials 8-9 per whorl. Shell large ... *lincta n. sp. Subsutural fold entirely absent. Shoulder deeply but broadly excavated. Spiral striations confined to base and neck. Peripheral angle above middle. Shell slender; smooth. Axials 9-11 per whorl; upeurved . Shell broad, very finely lirate. Axials 9-10 per whorl; upeurved and very massive . Peripheral angle at middle. Axials 11-12 per whorl. Shell small. 'cristata n. sp. *armata n. sp. anomala n. sp. 100 Splendrillia filiculosa (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Aiistrodrillia filiculosa Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 140, PI. 16, f. 300. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1237, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Splendrillia clifdenensis n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 2. Shell small, biconic. Spire one and a third times height of aperture plus canal. Body whorl evenly tapered over base and neck, not suddenly contracted. Whorls 6, including a typical, smooth, bluntly rounded protoconch of two whorls. Post-nuclear whorls with a strong but relatively narrow subsutural margining fold, followed by a narrow, deeply concave shoulder. Axials broadly rounded, prominent and slightly oblique, extending well over base but stopped at the sinus area above. There are ten axials on the penulti¬ mate. Surface smooth and glossy, except for about twenty very fine, indistinct threads on the lower part of the base and neck. Aperture narrowly wedge-shaped, canal rather short, with a slightly oblique, weakly notched termination. Outer lip thin, produced for¬ wards, with a deep, broadly rounded, subsutural sinus, rendered subtubular by a heavy entering insertion callus pad. Height, 6.8 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (7c) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Splendrillia afflicta (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Aiistrodrillia afflicta Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 141, PI. 16, f. 297. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1325, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Splendrillia koruahinensis (Bartrum & Powell, 1928). 1928 Aiistrodrillia koruahinensis Bartrum & Powell. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, p. 150, PI. 28, figs. 36, 3i. Holotype in Auckland University College. Locality: Kaawa Creek, S. of Port Waikato (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Splendrillia lincta n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 1. This is an entirely smooth surfaced member of the afflicta-dava group. It has the tall, narrow spire of the former, but the heavy knob-like axials of the latter. Whorls 9, in¬ cluding typical protoconch. Spire 1.6 times height of aperture. Peripheral angle bluntly rounded, just below middle on all spire whorls. Axials 8-9 per whorl, as prominent bluntly rounded peripheral knobs, not reaching lower suture. No spiral sculpture, not even on base or neck. Subsutural fold subobsolete. Parietal entering callus pad heavy. Height, 17.9 mm.; diameter, 6.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1574, Wahanui Road, 1100-1300 paces E. of Mohaka Rd., Waiau (S.E.) S.D. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Splendrillia clava n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 6. Species descended from the Opoitian afflicta; differing in having the axials developed as prominent bluntly rounded knobs, and the peripheral angle lower especially on the early whorls. Wffiorls 8, including typical protoconch. Spire 1.4 times height of apei- ture. Peripheral angle bluntly rounded, commencing at lower fifth, but gradually gaining height until it is just below the middle on the penultimate. Axials as massive rounded knobs, 10-11 per whorl, not extending below lower suture. Whole surface with dense 101 spiral striae, weaker on shoulder and numbering about 12 from the periphery to the lower suture. Subsutural cord subobsolete. Parietal entering callus pad heavy. Height, 15.8 mm.; diameter, 6.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2314, near Rangitoto Junction, 2\ miles at 355° from Trig. 22, Motuotaraia (N.W.), Dannevirke S.D. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Splendrillia powelli (King, 1933). 1933 Aivateria powelli King, N.Z. Geol. Mem. No. 2, p. 26, PI. 1, f. -j. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, W ellington. Locality: Grey Sands, Starborough Creek, Marlborough (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. The strong subsutural ridge evidently influenced King in placing this species in Awateria, where it definitely does not belong. Actually the species is a member of the Clavinae and is not dissimilar to-such strongly sculptured divergent members of Splen¬ drillia as the Recent South Australian Plcurotoma harpularia Des Moulins, which was placed in Melatoma by Hedley 1922 (p. 251). I have already mentioned the strong resemblance of the smoother typical Splendrillias to the Jamaican Miocene Emnetadrillia Woodring, 1928. Similarly, Agladnlha, a heavily costate and subsuturally ridged related Jamaican Miocene genus, bears a striking resem¬ blance to powelli and harpularia , but it seems better to admit these heavily sculptured forms into Splendrillia than to employ an extra-limital genus purely on superficial resem¬ blances. I have not seen specimens of the Jamaican genera with well preserved apices, but the body-whorl and apertural details are dissimilar to those of Splendrillia in that the sinus is more projecting and spout-like, and the base more deeply and suddenly con¬ tracted. No doubt these heavily sculptured and strongly subsuturally ridged Austro- neozelanic Splendrillias merit separation, but with the material at present available this step is unwarranted. Splendrillia aequistriata (Hutton, 1886). 1886 Drillia aequistriata Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 18, p. 334. 1893 Plcurotoma aequistriata Hutton. Macleay Mem. Vol. Plioc. Moll. PI. 7, f. 30. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: Petane (type); Devil’s Elbow, Napier-Wairoa Road; Ngaruroro River; Middle of Newton Range (upper marl) Tutira, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Plio¬ cene. Splendrillia cristata n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 4. Shell of moderate size, rather slender. Spire 11 times height of aperture. Surface smooth except for very fine dense spiral threads on the neck. Axials 9-11 per whorl, broadly rounded, prominent, and slightly upcurved above, terminating abruptly at shoul¬ der, diminishing towards lower suture and not extending below it. Base rather deeply excavated. Parietal entering callus heavy. Aperture very wide above, resulting in a rather broader sinus than is usual in the genus. Outer lip thin, projected forwards in a broad sweep. The periphery is just above the middle, but the tops of the axials are slightly higher; not connected by a shoulder carina as in the following species. Height, 12 mm.; diameter, 4.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1590, railway cutting, 55 chains N.E. of Leader Bridge, Hawkes- wood (S.W.) S.D., Amuri-Kaikoura (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. 102 Splendrillia armata n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 2. Shell rather large and broad, but belonging to the group of cristata and parvula; having coronated axials stopped abruptly at the shoulder and an entire absence of a subsutural fold. Peripheral shoulder well above middle, slightly carinate. Axials very strong, broadly rounded, distinctly upcurved, 9-10 per whorl, strongest at periphery, weaker at lower suture, but extending well over the base before fading out; vertical on spire- whorls, slightly oblique and flexuous on body-whorl and base. The whole of the shell is crowded with very fine close-spaced spiral threads, those on the shoulder being subobso- lete. Height, 14.75 mm.; diameter, 6 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1590, railway cutting 55 chains N.E. of Leader Bridge, Hawkes- wood (S.W.) S.D., Amuri-Kaikoura (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Splendrillia edita n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 3. 18S6 j Orillia alabaster : Hutton. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 18, p. 351. Non Reeve, 1843. Shell of moderate size, tall, slender, with attenuate spire 1.6 times height of aper¬ ture. Whorls 9, including typical protoconch. Shoulder deeply concave. Subsutural fold weak. Base rather quickly contracted. Axials vertical throughout, blunt, nodulous, greatly diminished at lower suture and suddenly stopped at shoulder, 13 on penultimate whorl. Spiral sculpture absent from upper whorls, but there are faint striations on the body-whorl, and a few, more distinct, on the base. Aperture typical but narrow; parietal callus pad heavy. Height, 15.7 mm.; diameter, 5.3 mm. (estimated). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Cliff opposite Eskdale Bridge, Petane, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene; near base of Castlecliff beds, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Splendrillia annectens n. sp. PL 12, fig. 5. Species apparently directly ancestral to the Recent aoteana; of similar size and propor¬ tions but differing in having the whole surface finely striated, more numerous axials, and the subsutural fold subobsolete. Whorls 8, including typical protoconch. Peiipheral angle bluntly rounded, well above the middle. Axials strong, broadly lounded, slightly oblique, 15-16 per whorl. The spiral striations number about 14 from the periphery to the lower suture. Parietal callus pad heavy. All other features as in aotio.net. Height, 14.4 mm.; diameter, 5.6 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in the writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Blue clays, near base of Castlecliff beds, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. The species represents an evolutionary stage between the larger and more strongly striated Nukumaruan aequistriata and the smooth-spired Recent aoteana. Three species of the aoteana group occur at Castlecliff, and appear in the following order of frequency- annectens n. sp., anomala n. sp., and editct n. sp. Splendrillia anomala n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 3. This little shell could easily be mistaken either for an Upper Pliocene representative of the Recent debilis, or a dwarf smooth form of the common Castlecliffian annectens. Its relationship, however, is with cristata n. sp., both haying the subsutoal foM enlhrely absent, the shoulder area deeply and broadly excavated and the axials sharply P aned off at the peripheral carina. Whorls 7, including typica protoconch. Periphery bluntly rounded, but rather sharply carinated at the actual shoulder, which is just above at the 103 middle of the whorls. On the early spire whorls both the periphery and the shoulder angle occur below the middle. Axials 11-12 per whorl, bluntly rounded, widest and strongest at the shoulder carina, where they terminate abruptly, becoming weak at lower suture and not extending below it. The axials on the body-whorl aie decidedly oblique, those above being vertical. Surface smooth and glossy, devoid of spiral sculp¬ ture except for close-spaced threads on the neck and fasciole. Parietal entering callus pad heavy. Height, 10.8 mm.; diameter, 4.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Blue clays near base of Castlecliff beds, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Plio¬ cene. Splendrillia aoteana Finlay, 1930. 1873 Pleurotoma laevis Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 12. Non PI. laevis Bellardi, 1848. 1913 Drillia laevis : Suter. Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 481, & 1915 (Atlas), PI. 46, f. 26. 1930 Splendrillia aoteana Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 47. Nom. nov for PI. laevis Hutton, 1873. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: Stewart Island (type) ; 50 fath. off Oamaru; 50 fath. 10 miles E.N.E. Otago Heads; 40 fath. off Cuvier Island; off Great Barrier Id. in deep water; 25 fath. off Hen and Chickens Islands; 60 fath. Poor Knights Islands. Splendrillia debilis Finlay, 1927. PI. 2, fig. 1. 1908 Drillia laevis parva Suter. Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, p. 185. Non Smith 1888, non PI. (Drillia) parva Tokunaga, 1906. 1913 Drillia laevis parva Suter: Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 481. 1927 Splendrillia debilis Finlay. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57, p. 517. Nom. nov. for Drillia laevis parva Suter, 1908. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum, Wanganui. Localities: Near Cuvier Id. in 37 fath. (type) ; off Little Barrier Id.; 60 fath. off Poor Knights Is.; 50 fath. E.N.E. Otago Heads; Foveaux Strait (dredged) ; Paterson In¬ let, 13 fath. Stewart Id. Splendrillia larochei Powell, 1940. 1940 Splendrillia larochei Powell. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 243, PI. 31, f. 8. Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Localities: 140 fathoms off Three Kings Islands (type) ; 12 fath. off Awanui, Rangaunu Bay. Splendrillia otagoensis n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 4. This is a perfect miniature of aoteana so far as shape and superficial appearance is concerned, but the axials are fewer; 10 on the penultimate, as compared with 12-13 in aoteana. The protoconch is smaller than in that species, and there is a total absence of spiral sculpture, even on the neck. The canal is short, terminating obliquely, and with a shallow notch. The outer lip, subsutural sinus, and slight “Stromboid”-notch, are all closely similar to these features in aoteana, and there is likewise a heavy parietal entering callus pad, which renders the sinus subtubular. Subsutural fold very weak. Colour uniformly pale buff. The species is even smaller than debilis, which differs in being much narrower, and has the axials reduced to pointed oblique tubercles on the carina, as well as having a larger protoconch, as in aoteana. Height, 7.6 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: 50 fathoms off Oamaru, Otago (type) ; Paterson Inlet, Stewart Id., in 13 fathoms. 104 Genus Syntomodrillia Woodring, 1928. Type (o.d.): Drillia lissotropis Dali, Recent, West Indies. It is pointed out elsewhere in this bulletin that as a general rule in the Turridae those geneia having a paucispiial protoconch are usually of local occurrence, while those with a polygyiate Sinusigera apex are widely distributed. There are exceptions, however, as in the case of Micantape.v, and now in the above genus, the type of which is from the Gulf of Mexico in 220 fathoms. I have critically compared actual specimens of Syntomo¬ drillia ipJiis Woodring, 1928, Miocene of Jamaica, Pleurotoma sandleroides Tenison-Woods, 18// (Janjukian) Lower Miocene of Table Cape, Tasmania, and a New Zealand species (described below) from the (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, and find a compact assem¬ blage agreeing very closely with the original figure of the West Indian genotype. Only one feature distinguishes the Austro-Neozelanic members, and that is the pre¬ sence of a slight angulation of the base, but such a minor feature can scarcely be claimed as of any taxonomic value except in respect to a New Zealand Lower Miocene to Recent group (described below). This new group has so far diverged in sculptural plan to merit subgeneric distinction, yet clearly shows by the presence of the basal angula¬ tion that its derivation is from a local member of the Syntomodrillia stock. Further new species of Syntomodrillia occur in Victorian Tertiary horizons. Syntomodrillia waiauensis n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 6. Shell small, fusiform, spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Body-whorl rather suddenly contracted, causing a slight angulation high up on base, and below a rather long neck. Whorls 6^, including a globular, smooth protoconch of two whorls. Post-nuclear whorls strongly angled at the middle, and sculptured with fairly strong, rounded axials, reaching from suture to suture, and extending less strongly over the base, almost to the neck. The axials number ten on the penultimate. The surface is smooth and polished, except for about eight weak spiral threads on the neck. The aperture is narrow, pro¬ duced to a rather long canal, with an oblique unnotched termination. The outer lip is thin at the edge, but is strengthened behind by a heavy rounded varix. The subsutural sinus is broad, occupying the shoulder. By the growth lines it appears shallow, but this is due to the fact that the thin extremity of the outer lip, as shown in the next species, would normally be somewhat produced, causing in effect, a much deeper sinus, as well as a weak “Stromboid”-notch below. These features are not apparent in the growth lines, as they are somewhat masked by the less flexuous trend of the axials. Parietal callus pad present but not strong. Height, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (6a and 6c type), Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Subgenus Hauturua n. subgen. Type: II. vivcns n. sp. Recent, N.Z. As already stated under Syntomodrillia, this new subgenus differs in ha\ing a distinc¬ tive sculptural plan, apart from the presence of a basal angulation of the body-whorl, which is additional to the peripheral keel. Obviously Hauturua has been derived from Syntomodrillia, which has a New Zealand Lower Miocene typical member in V. waiauensis n. sp. (described above). Whereas the axials in Syntomodrillia extend from suture to suture, those of Hauturua are absent from the shoulder area, and in several instances are reduced to pointed peripheral tubercles. There is no subsutural fold, and the protoconch is smooth and paucispiral of two whorls. Tne range of the genus is Lower Miocene (Hutchinsonian) to Recent, New Zealand. 105 Key to Species of Hauturua. Spire 1 h times height of aperture, or less. Axials absent from shoulder but reaching lower angulation. Axials tubercular at both angles . Axials produced into tubercles on upper angulation only Axials 11 on penultimate. Angulation median, tubercles blunt . . Axials 12 oil penultimate. Angulation at lower third, tubercles s mrp Spire more than twice height of aperture. Axials 10 on penultimate, very obliquely flexuous, bluntly tubercular, phery- Angulation just below middle . . <: bijuget (Marwick) . . *exiguescens (Marwick) . Vaevclla (Marwick) restricted to peri- . vivens n. sp. Svntomodrillia (Hauturua) bijuga (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Austrodrillia bijuga Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 141, PI. 16, f. 20S. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1272, 1292, 1294, 1295 (type) and 1328, Ihungia Series, Gis¬ borne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) exiguescens (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Austrodrillia exiguescens Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 141, PI. 16, f. 299. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1243, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) laevella (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Austrodrillia lacz'clla Marwick. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 140, I 1. 16, f. 296. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1292 (type) and 1293, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchin¬ sonian) Lower Miocene. Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) vivens n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 5. Shell of moderate size, spire tall, more than twice height of aperture plus canal. Body-whorl short, rather suddenly contracted, causing a slight basal angulation, high up. Whorls 8, including a somewhat eroded but typical globular smooth protoconch of two whorls. Post-nuclear whorls angled just below middle, and sculptured with flexu¬ ous, very oblique, broadly rounded axials, which are produced at the angulation into strong blunt tubercles. Above and below the tubercles, the axials rapidly become obso¬ lete, not reaching either suture. The axials number ten on the penultimate. The sur¬ face is smooth except for a very few indistinct spiral threads on the neck. The aperture is narrow, with a comparatively short canal, having a very oblique unnotched termin¬ ation. Outer lip thin, produced far forwards, leaving a deep rounded subsutural sinus occupying the shoulder, and with a slight “Stromboid”-notch below. Parietal entering callus strong, rendering the sinus subtubular. Colour white, shining. Height, 9.9 mm.; diameter, 3.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: 20 fathoms off Little Barrier Island. The species has a general resemblance to Splciidrillia debilis, but lacks the character¬ istic subsutuial spiral fold of the typical genus, has a taller spire, and the characteristic angulate and excavated base. Genus Clavatoma n. gen. Type: C. pulchra n. sp. (Opoitian-Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. N.Z. This is a Ciassispua in the broad sense, the genotype bearing a striking resemblance to such species as Crassispira pluto Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932, Recent from West Mexico, and Maclisp™ momhs Bartsch & Rehder, 1939, Recent, Florida. However, Crassispira is not applicable, nor is Crassispirella Bartsch & Rehder, 1939, Recent, Lower California, as both have a heavily developed subsutural fold, which feature is subobsolete in the New Zea¬ land fossil. Monilispira is nearer in sculptural plan, having a weak fold, but it, as well as the above mentioned genera, all differ in respect to the protoconch, which is paucispiral, followed by curved axial riblets, not tall, conical, of 31- smooth whorls, as in the New Zealand genus. Clavatoma, therefore, is defined as a nodulous sculptured “ Crassispira” with the subsu¬ tural fold subobsolete, tall conical protoconch of 3-J smooth whorls, heavy parietal enter¬ ing callus, rather deep “U”-shaped sinus, moderate oblique anterior notch, weakly de¬ fined, not ridge-margined fasciole, and a slight “Stromboid”-notch in the lower outer lip. Only one species is so far known, but it is well represented in the (Opoitian-Waito- tran) Lower Pliocene of the Wairoa-Waiau subdivisions, Gisborne-Hawke’s Bay. Clavatoma pulchra n. sp. PL 12, fig. 8. Shell fairly large, robust. Spire 1.3 times height of aperture. Whorls 101, includ¬ ing tall, narrowly conical protoconch of 31 smooth whorls. A broadly rounded, massive peripheral band occupies the lower half of the spire whorls and bears 10-11 stout rectan¬ gular nodules. On the upper part of the base there are two further spiral bands of similar nodules, but of diminishing size. Below these are four distant narrow spiral cords and some intermediates, the upper two weakly gemmate. Fasciole crossed by about eight weak spiral threads. The suture is submargined by a subobsolete fold. Aperture rather narrow; parietal callus-pad heavy; sinus deep “U”-shaped, on the shoulder; outer lip thin, with weak “Stromboid”-notch; anterior notch wide, moderate and oblique. Height, 22.5 mm.; diameter, 8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1580, Wahanui Road, 2,400-2,600 paces east of Mohaka Road, Waiau (S.E.) S.D. (Opoitian) ; 1560, Waihua River, f mile upstream from Ngama- hanga Stream; 1568, Waihua River, 30 chains below Ngamahanga Stream (Holo¬ type) ; 1559, Wahanui Road at Trig. 74, Teramarama, S.W. Wairoa S.D.; 1563, Wai¬ hua River, l mile below Ngamahanga Stream (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Genus Phenatoma Finlay, 1924. Type (o.d.): Pleurotoma novaezelandiae Reeve. Pliocene-Recent, N.Z. There is remarkable resemblance between the New Zealand novaeselandiae and Cali¬ fornian Recent species such as “ Moniliopsis incise ophio derma (Dali, 1908). FoitunateL Harris (1937, PI. 12, figs. 1-4) figured the little known genotype of Moniliopsis, an Eocene species, Pleurotoma elaborate. Conrad, from the Claibornian of Alabama. This species now proves to be a near relative of Scobinella , although it lacks the characteristic pillai plaits. However, the protoconchs of both Scobinella and Moniliopsis are similar, the early whoils being smooth and conical, followed by a whorl, or a half-whorl, of strong axials; also the strong beaded sculpture of typical Moniliopsis accords well with that of Scobinella and its allies In Phenatoma the protoconch is small, narrow and smooth, of 31 whorls, with a flat¬ tened planorbid tip, and without axials. Also there is a deep, narrow “U”-shaped sinus on the shoulder and a deeply notched anterior canal with a ndge-margmed fasciole. The Recent Californian species, ascribed to Moniliopsis by Dali (1918, p. 317) have as a- lower sinus, a more loosely wound protoconch of one whorl less and no ridge margining the fasciole, but otherwise they so closely resemble Phenatoma that generic relationship can be scarcely doubted. Key to Species of Phenatoma. Spiral cords smooth. Faintly subsuturally gemmulate. Cords unequal, medially subobsolete, 1 broad, bordering suture . sealandica (Smith) Cords evenly developed, 2 narrow bordering suture . '''precursor n. sp. Spiral cords gemmulate on spire; smooth on base. Interstitial spiral threads scarcely developed. 9 primary cords below shoulder on body-whorl . dawsi n. sp. Spiral cords crossed by low axial folds. Interstitial spiral threads numerous. 10 primary cords below shoulder on body-whorl . novaezelandiae (Reeve) Interstitial spiral threads scarcely developed. 8 primary cords below shoulder on body-whorl . *dccessor (Marwick) 14 primary cords below shoulder on body-whorl . * perlata (Suter) Phenatoma lawsi n. sp. PL 10, fig. 9. Shell rather small, ancestral to decessor and novaezelandiae. Whorls more vertically compressed—body-whorl more inflated and shorter—spiral cords fewer, wider spaced and stronger. Whorls five, exclusive of the protoconch, which has the uppermost of its smooth whorls missing. Spire whorls sculptured with a heavy subsutural cord and an equally heavy one at lower third to fourth of whorl height. Equidistant on each side of this lower primary cord there is a third and fourth cord, slightly weaker, and finally a narrow thread and some weaker subsidiaries on the sinus area. On the base there are seven heavy flat-topped cords from the level of the lower suture. On the neck and fasciole there are seven much weaker and rather irregular spiral cords. Dense but fine axial growth lines render the spiral cords weakly but densely moniliform, but not below the lower primary of the body whorl. General features of aperture, sinus and anterior canal typical. Height, 9 mm., diameter, 4.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Phenatoma perlata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Bathytoma perlata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 54, PI. 6, f. 16. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (type) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Two fragmentary examples from Clifden (7a) Southland (Awamoan) represent a new species with thinner, more distant basal spirals and more numerous axials, but the material is too incomplete for nomination. Phenatoma decessor Marwick, 1928. 1928 Phenatoma decessor Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, pp. 491, 506, f. 144. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Whenuataru Peninsula and Flower Pot Harbour, Pitt Island, Chatham Islands (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene; Junction of Ruakokopatuna and Makara Streams, S. Wairarapa (Lower Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Phenatoma novaezelandiae (Reeve, 1843). 1833 1843 1843 1886 1913 Pleurotoma rosea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. 2. p. 524 (non Sowerby). Pleurotoma novaezelandiae Reeve, Conch. Ieonica, PI. 17, fig. 143. Pleurotoma quoyi Deshayes, Anim. Sans. Vert. Ed. 2, 9, p. 364 (non Desmoulins). Pleurotoma plicatella Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 18, p. 333. (non Jan. 1832). Drillia novaezelandiae : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 477 (1915 Atlas of Plates) PI. 46, f. 23. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities. N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560, Waihua River, § m. upstream from Ngamahanga Stream, Wairoa Subdivision; Waihi Beach, Hawera (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene; Middle of 108 Newton Range, Tutira, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene; Castlecliir (type of plicatella) and Kai Iwi, near Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Re¬ cent “New Zealand” (type) ; 5-6 fath. Tryphena, Great Barrier Island; 0-3 fath. Pilot Bay, Tauianga, 23 fath. off Ahipara; 20 fath. 3 m. E. Otago Heads. Phenatoma precursor n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 8. This is a Middle Pliocene offshoot from sealandica, differing in sculptural detail, having more evenly developed cords, not tending towards median obsolescence. There are two moderate sized subsutural spiral cords in place of the single massive subsutural cord of sealandica. In sealandica the subsutural cord causes a staged outline to the spire, but this is not a feature of precursor, the whorls being more evenly rounded. The spire whorls of sealandica have four spiral cords (1) massive, subsutural, (2) broad, the sinus rib, and (3 & 4) moderate cords below it as compared with (1 & 2) subsutural, (3) sinus rib, and (4 & 5) below it for precursor ; all ribs being subequal and flat-topped, with nar¬ row interspaces. Height, 21.3 mm.; diameter, 8.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Inner Harbour, Napier, sands above blue clays (type) ; Petane; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1063, Okawa shell bed, Ngaruroro River; Kereru Road, 2nd stream; N.Z. G.S. loc. 2220, Devil’s Elbow, main road between head of Maipau Stream and Tararere, Ara- pawanui R., Block 16, Maungaharuru S.D., Hawke’s Bay; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1164, Nuku- maru Beach (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Phenatoma zealandica (Smith, 1877). 1877 Pleurotoma zealandica Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, 19, p. 492. 1878 Drillia cheesemani Hutton, Journ. de Conch. 26, p. 16. 1913 Bathytoma cheesemani • Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 491 (1915 Atlas of Plates, PI. 49, f. 5). Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities: Castlecliff and Kai Iwi, near Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Recent, between North Head and Takapuna, Auckland (type of cheesemani) ; Pilot Bay, Tau- ranga; 23 fath. off Ahipara; 5-6 fath. Tryphena, Great Barrier Id.; Ohiwa, Bay of Plenty; 20 fath. 3 m. E. of Otago Heads. A few young shells from N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560, Waihua River (Waitotaran) probably representing an undescribed species, are nearer to zealandica than to precursor. Genus Mitrellatoma n. gen. Type: Columbella angustata Hutton, 1886 (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene, N.Z. Until now Hutton’s Columbella angustata has been known only by the badly eroded holo¬ type. A well preserved specimen in the N.Z. Geological Survey collection shows the species to be a dwarf Phenatoma- like shell of the sculptural style of precursor, but narrowei with a very shallow sinus, a very slight anterior notch and a larger but paucispiral pro¬ toconch with a bluntly rounded rather than a planorbid tip. It seems clearly to have been derived from Phenatoma, yet the very discordant features of the sinus, anterior notch and protoconch necessitate generic separation. Shell small, narrowly fusiform. Spire higher than aperture. Protoconch smooth, of 2i whorls, nucleus off centre, the first whorl inflated and the second with straight, steep sides. Post-nuclear whorls, sculptured with broad, flattened, linear-spaced spiral cords, but no axials, apart from weak growth lines. Outline of spire whorls very slightly convex, almost straight, shoulder not defined. Sinus very shallow, only half as deep as i is wi e and situated between the periphery and the upper sutuie. Anteiioi cana wi' a roa termination quite shallowly notched. Fasciole not ridge-maigined. The genus bears superficial resemblance to some of the Pyrenids and also to Mitrithara, but its location is definitely in the Clavinae. 109 Mitrellatoma angustata (Hutton, 1886). PI. 12, fig. c 1886 Columbella angustata Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 18, p. 333. 1915 Akira angustata : Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 29. 1926 “Columbella” angustata : Finlay, Refd. to Turridae, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 57, p. 430. Height, 10 mm.; diameter, 3.9 mm. (Holotype). Height, 10.5 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (N.Z. G.S. loc. 2220). Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: Petane (Holotype) (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Genus Tomopleura Casey, 1904. Type (o.d.): Pleurotoma nivea Philippi, Recent, Formosa = Cryptomella Finlay, 1924. Type (o.d.): Leucosyrinx transenna Suter (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, Is.Z. The Drillia -like shells with prominent spiral keels and subsidiary axial interstitial threads have been greatly confused through prejudice of their superficial similarity. The generic names involved are Asthenotoma, Cryptomella, Drilhola, Filodrillia, Oligotoma, Teres, Teretia, Tomopleura and Turridrupa, In New Zealand there are two groups of these spirally keeled shells: (1) Cryptomella Finlay, 1924 (type the Awamoan Leucosyrinx transenna Suter) with a tall, narrow poly- gyrate protoconch of 4-5 whorls, and (2) a new genus represented by the Recent Plemo- toma albula Hutton and its relatives, which have a paucispiral, broad, dome-shaped proto¬ conch of only two whorls. Finlay did not separate these groups, for he cited transenna as the genotype of Cryptomella, but diagnosed for the genus the paucispiral piotoconch of albula. Unfortunately Cryptomella by its type falls as a synonym of Tomopleura Casey, 1904 (type the Formosan Recent PI. nivea Phil.), which has a similar polygyrate apex, weak rounded sinus on the shoulder, thin outer lip, and sculpture of smooth spiral keels with dense axial growth threads in the interspaces. The only discrepancy noted is the presence of a slight fold at the base of the pillar in typical Tomopleura, but this is not always well developed. A figure is provided of the operculum of an Aden example of Oligotoma pouloensis Jousseaume, which is undoubtedly congeneric w T ith nivea. This is subovate with a blunt apical nucleus. Hedley, however, figures for nivea (1922, PI. 42, f. 4) a curious opercu¬ lum showing a subterminal nucleus surrounded at first by concentric growth lines, but later becoming excentric. Although I have not seen an operculum of nivea I can only sur¬ mise that Hedley mistook the undersurface of the operculum for the external surface, thus misconstruing the subterminal muscle scar as the nucleus. The sudden change from concentric to excentric growth does not seem natural either; and this mistake could easily have been made, as the early stages of these opercula do not show distinct growth lines. The confused status of this group of genera is exemplified by the fact that Hedley (1922, p. 218) synonymised Microdrillia and Tomopleura under Asthenotoma Harris & Bur¬ rows 1891 (nom. nov. for Oligotoma Bellardi 1875, non Westwood 1836). Grant and Gale, 1931, placed Tomopleura and Turridrupa as synonyms of 'Teres Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883, and treated Asthenotoma as a subgenus. Thiele, 1929 (p. 363), synony¬ mised Microdrillia with Asthenotoma and cited DnUiola Cossmann, 1903, as a subgenus, while Teres (= Teretia) was placed as a subgenus of Pliilbertia Monterosato, 1884. Teretia has an unnotched anterior canal which at once removes it from the groups under dis¬ cussion, Filo drillia, to which Hedley (1922, p. 220) referred the New Zealand Recent albula, belongs to the Mangeliinae as a near relative of Etrema, merely a benthic develop¬ ment from that genus, in which the spiral sculpture dominates the axial. Both have the characteristic subtubular sinus. Microdrillia and Turridrupa, which are discussed else¬ where in this bulletin, are more nearly allied to each other, with their strongly axially ribbed protoconchs, than they are to either Tomopleura or Asthenotoma. 110 Asthenotorna auct based upon Pleuroto.ua basteroti Desmoulins, is undoubtedly identical with Tomopleura, but Woodnng 1928, p. 197, has shown that the real genotype of Athe¬ ne,°nu, is Pleurotoma meneghmii Mayer = PI. tuberculata Pusch., and he remarks that basteroti has a different nucleus and aperture.” Unfortunately I have been unable to check this statement by the examination of material, but as all Woodring s work is extremely accurate there can be little doubt that Asthenoioma is generically distinct from Tomopleura. I have not seen Drilliola Cossmann 1903 (type D. cmendata Monterosato), but Cossmann’s figure of the protoconch (1903! Ess. Pal. Comp. 5, p. 188) shows a blunt, keeled apex of 2-1 whorls, quite discordant with that of any of the above discussed groups. The status of the New Zealand Recent albula, with its blunt paucispiral protoconch, lemains to be decided. Foi it I propose a new genus, Maoritomella. Certainly I have not satisfactorily diagnosed the pioblematic Astheiiotoma, but on the other hand the two New Zealand gioups with discoidant protoconchs demand separation, and it seems unlikely that the revised genotype of Asrhcnotoma . which I have not seen, will prove to have affinity with the Austro-neozelanic Maoritomella, with its blunt paucispiral protoconch. This assumption is based upon the observation that most of the widely distributed Turrids have a polygyrate protoconch or f ‘S in it sig era ” apex, which denotes an efficient free-swimming larva; while the globular, paucispiral protoconch indicates for the most part the absence of an effective larval free-swimming stage, and in consequence such species are of more or less local distribution. Thus the wide distribution of Tomopleura and Microdrillia can be readily accounted for by their “Simtsigera” protoconchs, and con¬ versely it is unlikely that the paucispiral apiced Austro-neozelanic Maoritomella could be identical with Asthenoioma-, the type of which is from the Miocene of Italy. Tomopleura has an Indo-Pacific Recent range, and occurs also in the Miocene of Europe and Australia. In New Zealand the genus ranges with certainty from the (Duntroon- ian) Upper Oligocene to the Awamoan (Middle Miocene), but if striatus Marshall 1917 really belongs here also, then the genus goes back to the (Wangaloan) Upper Creta¬ ceous. Key to Species of Tomopleura. Shell slender, spire about 1.3 times height of aperture. Peripheral keel sharp, projecting. Base with a second sub-keel emergent from lower suture. Spiral keels and cords relatively narrow . *transcnna (Suter) Spirals fewer, all strong and bluntly rounded.* finlayi n. sp. Base without a second keel. Spirals narrow, subequal . *clijdcnica n. sp. Shell wider, spire very little higher than aperture. Peripheral keel forming angle, but not strongly projecting. Base without a second keel. Peripheral keel narrowly rounded; at 0.3 whorl height. Basal spirals uneven, interspaces 1-2 times width of cords . *excavata (Hutton) Peripheral keel very broadly rounded, at just below middle. Basal spirals broad and narrow, linear spaced . *waiauensis n. sp. Peripheral keel bluntly rounded; low down, almost at suture. Basal spirals strong, even; interspaces 1-11 times width of cords .. *crassispiralis (Marwick) The Wangaloan striata is not included in the key,as the lack of the apical whorls renders its systematic position uncertain. Tomopleura striata (Marshall, 1917). 1917 Tarris striatus Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54, p. 12G. 1937 Cryptomella striata : Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p. 87, PI. 12, f. 9. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Wangaloa (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. Protoconch unknown, but the species is regarded as ancestral to the transenna group by Finlay & Marwick (1937, p. 87). Ill Tomopleura crassispiralis (Marwick, 1929). . • T • 1 1 Q9Q r>i* /-4/I/I /*rt (Cvvbtnw.P.l 1(1) m nvwirk. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59, n o A O •? A f Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: Chatton, Southland (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. 75. Tomopleura clifdenica n. sp. PI. 12, fig- 9. . Species ancestral to transenna, having the same narrow proportions, but the p p keel, although sharp, is not so projecting, and in posrhon u, nearer^the m^dle Also th base lacks the second keel, all the spiral cords, including the peripheral keel, approximately equal development. Suture submargined y a between keel and cord two narrow cords on shoulder and a further two, slightly stronger, betweenkeeland lower suture. Below the keel on the body whorl there are about 19 narrow ing those on the neck. All are of approximately equal strength but those above ha^e interspaces of 1-U times their width, and those on the neck are linear spaced. The polygyrate protoconch is particularly well preserved in the five available specimens. Height, 10.1 mm.; diameter, 3.6 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Tomopleura waiauensis n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 12. Species related to excavata, but at once distinguished by the broad, flattened, smo ° th peripheral keel and the similarly flattened upper basal cords, which are of varying widths, but have linear interspaces. Peripheral keel situated low down on early whorls, but just below middle on later whorls. Suture submargined by a weak thread and a modera e cord. Shoulder also crossed by a weak thread followed by a moderate cord. Between the keel and the lower suture there are two cords, upper one narow, the other broad and flat. On the base there are about 10 cords, upper four linear-spaced, remainder with interspaces up to H times their width. In addition, there are a number of fine threads on the neck. Fine close-spaced axial threads occupy the spiral interspaces. Height, 8.1 mm.; diameter, 3.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (8a type and 7c) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Tomopleura transenna (Suter, 1917). PI. 12, fig. 11. 1917 Leucosyrinx alta transenna Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 44. 1924 Phenatoma (Cryptomella) transenna ' Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 51b. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: Oneroa, Waiheke Island; Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Awamoa (type): Pukeuri (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The Hutchinsonian records possibly represent an allied new species, but at present there is insufficient material available to determine this point with certainty. Tomopleura finlayi n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 10. Species differing from transenna in having a much stronger subsutural cord, a very massive and strongly projecting peripheral keel and fewer and stronger basal cords. Shoulder with 2-3 very fine spiral threads; no threads or cords between keel and lower 112 suture, except that the lower sutural secondary keel is half emergent on the spire- whorls. Body-whorl with 13 strong cords below the k£el, upper six widely spaced, inter¬ spaces once to twice their width, those on neck linear spaced. Height, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Locality: Ardgowan shell bed, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The reduction of the spirals as well as their strengthening removes this species from suspicion as a mere extreme of the somewhat variable transenna. Tomopleura excavata (Hutton, 1877). 1877 Defranchia excavata Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 9, p. 595, PI. 16, f. 6. 1915 Gcnota excavata : Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3, p. 42. 1917 Bathytoma antecostata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 53, PI. 6, f. 14. 1924 Phenatoma (Cryptomella) excavata '■ Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 516. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: White Rock River (type of excavata) ; Sutherlands; Target Gully; (type of antecostata); Ardgowan; Opihi River. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Genus Maoritomella n. gen. Type: Pleurotoma albula Hutton, Recent, N.Z. The genus, as already differentiated under the discussion of Tomopleura, is strikingly similar to that genus, but discordant in having a blunt, smooth, paucispiral protoconch. The New Zealand range is (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene to Recent, and there are at least two Recent Australian members:— Drillia dilecta Hedley, 1903, and Filodrillia steira Hedley, 1922. Key to Species of Maoritomella. 1. Protoconch paucispiral, blunt, smooth. A. All keels smooth. (a) Subsutural cord strong, single. Sinus area excavated—with several spiral threads. Subsutural fold strong, two moderate spiral cords (or one stronger one) below a strong peripheral keel . albula (Hutton) Sinus area with stronger spirals giving a straighter profile to spire. Peripheral keel low, one moderate cord and a weak thread below it * sub albula (Murdoch) (b) Subsutural cord double. All spirals prominently raised, but narrow and sharp. Body-whorl truncated. Peripheral keel low—one or two spirals crowded below it *annosa n. sp. Shell elongate, body-whorl not truncated. Peripheral keel near middle. Two closely spaced spirals below it . *sola n. sp. (c) Subsutural cord weak, to very weak. Two narrow but distinct spirals on sinus area, and one below the submedian keel *rupta (Marwick) Peripheral keel submedian, very strong. Weaker cord near lower suture. A few dis¬ tant strong cords on base. Spiral striae on sinus area subobsolete .. * studiosorum (King) B. Peripheral keel with axial nodules or gemmules. (a) Subsutural cord single. With 13 strong rounded nodules on keel. Horquatella (Marwick) Thin weakly tuberculate axials on keel. ischna (Watson) With 15 fine gemmules on keel—a second weakly gemmulate spiral below it on body- whorl . multiplex (Webster) (b) Subsutural cord with a fine thread above it. Peripheral keel weakly waved by distant, oblique, weak axial folds. Strong submedian peripheral keel, and a moderate cord below it-* pukeuriensis n. sp. 113 2. Protoconch paucispiral, blunt, smooth, but bluntly angulate on last whorl All keels smooth. Subsutural border broad and strong. Peripheral keel at lower third; with 2 spirals below it . Peripheral keel at lower fourth; with 1 spiral below it. pagodula n. sp. *robusta n. sp. Maoritomella annosa n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 10. Shell rather small, spire about 11 times height of aperture. Base short, slightly ex¬ cavated below, neck obliquely twisted and somewhat truncate. Anterior canal nanow scarcely notched. Whorls 7, including a rather large, blunt smooth, globular Prococonch of 2 whorls. Adult sculpture of spiral keels and cords and close fine intei stitial axial threads, which cross the cords but do not effect the keels. On the spire whorls there is a double strong subsutural fold, the upper spiral composing it being weak, ther e is a single cord on the sinus area; a massive peripheral keel below the middle, and from one to two cords crowded below it. On the base there are five strong equispaced cords, and a further six on the neck. Sinus moderately deep and rather narrow, occupying the lower half of the shoulder. Outer lip slightly thickened, but not variced. The peripheral keel and cords are narrow but prominently raised. Height, 7 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1288, greensands left bank Waitaki River, opposite Wharekuri, South Canterbury (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene; Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Wai- takian) Upper Oligocene (Holotype). Maoritomella rupta (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Filodrillia rupta Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 145, PI. lo, f. 291. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1340, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Maoritomella sola n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 11. Shell of moderate size, similar to annosa, but more fusiform, with a longer canal. Sculpture similar, except that the two spirals forming the subsutural fold are more equal in size, and the peripheral keel is not much below the middle, so that the one to two spirals below it are not so crowded. The early whorls have one spiral below the keel, but a second emerges at the penultimate. There are five spirals on the base and fifteen on the neck. Whorls 7. Details of aperture as in annosa, except that the anterior notch is more definite, although still very shallow. Height, 9.1 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Blue Cliffs, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Maoritomella pukeuriensis n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 9. Shell of moderate size, fusiform. Spire about 1J times height of aperture. Whorls 7, including typical, smooth, globular protoconch of 2 whorls. Adult sculpture of spiral keels and cords. Subsutural cord strong, with a spiral thread above it. Peripheral cord below the middle, smooth, but waved by rather distant, blunt axials, confined to the peri¬ pheral zone and 10 per whorl. There is a single spiral cord below the periphery, near to the lower suture, and 1 or 2 fine threads on the sinus area. Four distant spiral cords on the base, and 16 closely spaced threads on the neck. Aperture damaged in all speci¬ mens, but indicated as typical. Height, 9 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype), Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 114 Maoritomella torquatella (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Filodrillia torquatella Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 145, PL 15, f. 287. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1325, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian); N.Z. G.S. loc. 2314, near Rangitoto Junction, 2J miles at 355° from Trig. 22, Motu-otaraia (N.W.) S.D. Dannevirke S.D. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. The single example from loc. 2314 differs slightly from the typical species in having 15 instead of 13 nodules per whorl, and the subsutural cord is double. Further material may show it to be a directly descended new species. Maoritomella pagodula n. sp. PL 13, fig. 9. Shell of moderate size, resembling albulci and subalbula, but with a more acute peri¬ pheral keel which commences on the last whorl of the protoconch. Whorls 8, including a smooth, blunt protoconch of 2J whorls, similar to that of the genotype except for the presence of a submedian angulation on the last whorl. Post nuclear sculpture dominated by a heavy rounded keel at the lower third, with two quite strong linear spaced cords occupying the space between it and the lower suture. Shoulder broad, fairly straight and steeply descending, bearing a distinct broad subsutural band and 4-6 fine threads on the sinus area. Base with about 10 close spaced moderately strong spiral cords which follow immediately after the two much stronger cords that lie beneath the peripheral keel. Sinus broad, but of moderate depth, “U”-shaped and occupying most of the shoul¬ der between the subsutural band and the peripheral keel. Height, 12 mm.; diameter, 5.6 mm, (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2661, muddy sandstone, 95 chains at 255° from Trig. 55. Taho- raite (S.W.) S.D., Dannevirke S.D, (Holotype). N.Z. G.S. loc. 2329, 133 chains at 335° from Trig. P.I., Takapau (N.E.) S.D. Below uppermost Te Aute limestone, Dannevirke S.D. (Upper Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. One example from locality 2329 is much narrower than the type, but is otherwise identical. Maoritomella robusta n. sp. PL 13, fig. 8. Species resembling pagodula in having the last whorl of the protoconch similarly but not so distinctly carinate. Post-nuclear whorls with a far more massive yet not so prc- iecting keel, situated at the lower fourth and leaving space for only one cord beneath it. Subsutural band very wide. Sinus area sculptured with 6-10 fine spiral threads, but a much stronger one situated medially. Base with about 14 close-spaced, somewhat un¬ equal, moderately strong cords, surmounted by two stronger cords situated immediate y below the peripheral keel, the lower of these two cords being immersed over the spire whorls. The outline of the spire is rather straight. The sinus area is quite shallow and both the subsutural band and the peripheral keel are broad rather than projecting. Sinus as in last species. Height, 15.1 mm.; diameter, 6 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localfty- NZ. G.S. loc. 2780, Maharahara Stream, S. branch, 300 feet west ot road end, Woodville (N.E.) S.D., Dannevirke S.D. (Petane beds Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Maoritomella studiosorum (King, 1933). 1933 Filodrillia studiosorum King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. o50, PI. 36, f, 9. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs east of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. 115 Maoritomella subalbula (Murdoch, 1900). 1900 Pleurotoma albula subalbula Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 32, p. 218, PI. 20, f. 2. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Cliffs opposite Eskdale Bridge, Petane, Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene; Cliffs west of Wanganui Heads (= Castlechff) (Castlecliffian) Uppei Pliocene (type). Maoritomella albula (Hutton, 1873). 1873 1877 1913 Pleurotoma albula Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 12. Pleurotoma antipodum Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, 19, p. 491. Rathvtoma albula Suter: Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 490 (1915 Atlas of Plates), PI. 21, f. 1 • Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: 24 fathoms, Stewart Island (type); 3-4 fathoms Motuhurakia, Noises Is., Hauraki Gulf; Cheltenham Beach and 12-13 fath. between Matiatia and Crusoe Id., Auckland; 23 fathoms off Ahipara; 38 fathoms off Cuvier Island; 5-6 fath. Tryphena, Great Barrier Id. It is possible that two forms are covered, typical albula with two cords below the peripheral keel, and the other with a single stronger cord. However, as typical albula definitely ranges from North Auckland to the type locality, Stewart Island, the othei, which is from the Great Barrier Id. in 5-6 fathoms, is unlikely to be a regional form and so is meanwhile considered as an unstable variation, pending the examination of more material. Maoritomella ischna (Watson, 1881). 1881 Pleurotoma ischna Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. 15, p. 403. 1913 Turris ischna : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 470 (1915, Atlas of Plates) PI. 21, f. 2. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: East of East Cape in 700 fathoms (“Challenger”). Maoritomella multiplex (Webster, 1906). 1906 Drillia multiplex Webster, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 306, PI. 38, f. 3. 1913 Drillia multiplex : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll,, p. 476. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: 110 fath. off Great Barrier Id. Genus Microdrillia Casey, 1903. Type (s.tl. Cossmann 1906: Pleurotoma cossmani Meyer (— P. meyeri Aldricli) Upper Locene, Mississippi. — Acrobela Thiele, 1925. Type (o.d.): Bela (A.) optima Thiele, 463 metres, East Africa. The genotype is from the Eocene of Mississippi, but the group has a wide Tertiary and Recent distribution. It is readily recognised by the polygyrate, strongly axially ribbed protoconch, and the sinus band, which is sunken between the heavy subsutural and peripheral cords. A closely allied genus is the Tropical Queensland Turridriipa Hedley, 1922, (p. 226) which has a turbinate protoconch of two smooth whorls, followed by one of strong axial riblets, and a strong median cord on the sinus area. Microdrillia is repre¬ sented in New Zealand by a solitary species from the Lower Miocene, but the Australian Recent Drillia commentica Hedley, 1915, Pleurotomella fastosa Hedley, 1907, and Turridriipa pertinax Hedley, 1922, as well as a new species from the Victorian Balcombian all belong to this genus. Woodring (1928, p. 197) refers Pleurotoma (Oligotoma) Patricia- Melvill, 1904, from the Persian Gulf in 156 fathoms, to Microdrillia, and describes a further species, M. tersa Woodring (1928, l.c.), from the Miocene of Jamaica. Pleurotoma (Man- gela) tiara Watson, 1881, from 390 fathoms, West Indies, which may be a synonym of PL (M.) comatotropis Dali, 1881, is still another species. 116 Thiele’s Acrobela (1925, p. 238) desprihprl q C o i MicrodriUia the characteristic ar, PY a • k subgenus ot Bela, is identical with optima „ sp (.enotvDe) anf S1I T area bein ^ cIearl y shown in his figures of optuna n. sp. (genotype) and sansibanca n. sp., both from deep water off East Africa Thiele Sim's ' " r .. M *i» »J Sf.y arcuat e. and descending almost eitieally, but at the lower third they bend abruptly forwards, and coalesce with a supra-sutural margining cord. There is a submargining‘cord also and all the wfal mterspaces are sculptured with fine spiral striae. The termination of the protoconch £ maiked by a smusigerid, prominently protractive projection and is immediately followed by the adult sculpture, of a heavy peripheral cord, subsidiary cords, and a sudden strengthening of the subsutural margining cord. Post-nuclear sculpture of prominent rounded cords and fine, crisp, axial growth lines. The spire whorls have the heavy sub- sutural cord, an even stronger peripheral cord below the middle, causing an angulation, followed by a slightly weaker cord, increasing to two on the antepenultimate, and three on the penultimate. There are about twenty-five cords on the body-whorl, base and neck, those below being weaker and closer spaced. The shoulder is sunken, but only lightly concave, and the sinus deep, rounded and broad. The sinus area bears close, regular, crisp, arcuate threads, marking the successive growth stages of the sinus. The outer lip is thin, arcuately protractive, but with a shallow broad insinuation at the level of the neck. The anterior canal is short, slightly constricted, and very shallowly notched. The slightly bulging fasciole causes a weak umbilical cleft. Height, 8.75 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Two examples in Dr. Laws’ collection and a half-grown one in the Dr. Finlay collection, Auckland Museum. I am indebted to Dr. Laws for permission to base the species on his almost perfect specimen. Genus Turridrupa Hedley, 1922. Type (o.cl.): Plcurotoma acutigemmata Smith, 1877. Recent, Queensland. The record of this tropical Indo-Pacific genus in the New Zealand Upper Miocene is based on a single badly preserved specimen. The presence of a spiral rib traversing the sinus area, the tuberculate peripheral spiral keel and evidence of axial costae on what remains of the nuclear whorls make the generic reference almost certain. Turridrupa maoria n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 10. Shell small. Suture submargined by two fine threads. Sinus area traversed at about two thirds height by a sharply raised narrow cord. Peripheral keel bearing about 16 vertically compressed tubercles. Base with 14 narrow cords, those above widely spaced. The whole shell is crossed by quite strong, somewhat irregular numerous axial growth lines, rather deeply concave where they cross the sinus area. Height, 5.3 mm.; diameter, 2.25 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1340, tuffaceous arenaceous mudstone 2000'-3000'above the Wai- kokopu sandstone 0.35m. up north-flowing nameless stream from road bridge, block 12, Ngatapa S.D. (Base of Mapiri series «= Taranakian) Upper Miocene. 117 Genus Austroclavus n. gen. Type: Dritlia tcnuisfiralis Marshall 1918, Hutchinsonian, Lower Miocene, N.Z. The Clavus style of Turrid is widely distributed both Recent and m the Tertiary. It is readily recognised by the presence of a heavy callus pad at the top of the inner lip and the freely projecting “Stromboid” character of the outer hp, whichi is mAen te: no only by a deep rounded subsutural sinus, but also by a weaker insinuation belon towards the short, notched, anterior canal. The sculpture is simple: spirals weak or subobsolete, but with a row of strong rounded or spiny nodes at the shoulder angle. The genotype of Clavus Montfort, 1810, is a West African species, Clavus flammulatus Montfort, 1810 (Conchyl. Syst. vol. 2, p. 434). Grant and Gale 1931 (PL 26, fig. ) ie- produce a good copy of Kiener’s figure of the genotype. According to Hedley 1922 (p. 254) Clavus flammulatus Montfort 1810 = Strombus lividus Linn. 1758 = Clavatula echmata Lamarck, 1816. Hedley also states (1922, p. 255) that the protoconch of the genus is smooth and subulate and the fasciole is flat and indefinite, and the former feature a least is well shown in Grant and Gale’s figure. However, Hedley’s (1922, p. 255, pi. 45, f. 51) figure of the operculum of “Clavus’' vidualoides Garrett from the Philippines as clavatulid (i.e., with a medio-lateral nucleus) does not apply to typical Clavus, for Gar¬ rett’s species is obviously of a different genus. Grant and Gale (1931, p. 574) describe the operculum of Clavus as “thin, horny, usually with a terminal nucleus,” but the source of their observation is not stated. Thiele (1929, p. 359) makes Clavus Montfort, 1810, a synonym of Clavatula Lamarck, 1801, but this action is not justified, as two widely sun¬ dered genera are thus united. Clavicantha Swainson, 1840 (type: Plcurotoma echinata Lamarck is an absolute synonym of Clavus Montfort, while Tylotia Melville (1917, p. 160), intended as a substitute name for Clavus auct., non Montfort, 1810, is based upon a peculiar Philippine shell with long curved spiny nodules, Strombus canicularis Bolten, 2798 ( = Pleurotoma auriculifera Lamarck, 1822) and although the genus has been synony- mised with Clavus by both Hedley (1922, p. 254) and Grant and Gale (19ol, p. 5/4) it represents a distinct group now known from the West Indies also (Clench & Aguayo, 1939, pp. 195-196). Eldridgea Bartsch, 1934, is a synonym of Tylotia according to Clench & Aguayo. Tylotia, judged by its type, is certainly not applicable to the Recent Persian Gulf species assigned to it by Melvill, neither can it be used for the New Zealand Teitiaiy shells described below, nor for the Australian Recent species covered by Hedley (1922, pp. 254-257). Much nearer to the New Zealand Tertiary group are several American Recent and Tertiary genera of both Dali and Woodring. Eumetadrillia Woodring (1928) is very similar except that the protoconch is of H smooth whorls, whereas the New Zealand group has a large tapered, conical protoconch of 4-5 smooth whorls. Cymatosyrinx Dali 1889 and Agladrillia Woodring (1928) also have a paucispiral nucleus, while in Carinodrillia Dali, 1919, the protoconch is of 24 whorls, the last f whorl bearing axial riblets. For the New Zealand Tertiary “Clavus ’’-like group and two Recent Australian deep¬ water relatives, the new genus Austroclavus is proposed. In New T Zealand, the genus seems to be restricted to Hutchinsonian-Awamoan horizons (i.e., Lower and Middle Mio¬ cene). The Australian Recent members would appear to be Melatonin lygdina Hedley (1922, p. 252) from 150-200 fath. oif Gabo Id., and Claims aeneus Hedley (1922, p. 255) from 5-8 fath. Murray Id., Queensland. Austroclavus has the apertural characters of Clavus auct.: “Stromboid” outer lip, deeply sinused subsuturally and insinuated below, near the canal; heavy callus-pad at top of inner lip; spiral sculpture weak or subobsolete, but strong axial tubercles at the shoulder angle. The relatively large protoconch is truly conical, straight or slightly con- 118 vex sided, of 4-5 smooth polished whorls, tip minutely globular, flattened down but not planoibid, somewhat excentiic, ending' abruptly in a weak “Sinusigera” varix: there is no brephic sculpture. Key to Species of Austroclavus. A. Protoconch of 5 whorls, with suture narrowly margined above. Shell smooth except for spirals on neck of canal. Axials model ately broad but compressed to narrow crest, 10 on penultimate. Shoulder at three-fifths whorl height .’ Hitens (Marshall) Axials narrow, 11 on penultimate. Shoulder at three-fourths whorl height. *kaipara (Laws) Axials bioad above, spinose at keel, rapidly diminished and flexed below, 11 on penul¬ timate . *clifdenensis n. sp. Axials broad and strong to lower suture. 10 on penultimate. Shell wide . *marshalli n. sp. 9 on penultimate. Shell narrow . *awakinoensis n. sp. B. Protoconch of 4 whorls, with unmargined sutures. Spiral sculpture not limited to neck of canal. Weak spirals, well developed over whole of body-whorl, numerous hair-like spirals on shoulder . ^tenuispiralis (Marshall) Spirals indicated only by faint markings on body-whorl, shoulder almost smooth; tubercles strongly spinose . * finlayi n. sp. Austroclavus tenuispiralis (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Drillia tenuispiralis Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 269, PI. 19, figs. 11, 16. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austroclavus nitens (Marshall, 1918). 1918 Sureula nitens Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 267, PI. 19, figs. 3, 15. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austroclavus kaipara (Laws, 1939). 1939 Claims kaipara Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 500, PL 65, f. 47. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austroclavus finlayi n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 3. Shell rather small, narrowly fusiform. Spire almost H times height of aperture. Whorls sharply angled just below middle, 9, including a 4-whorled, smooth, glossy, sinusigerid, narrowly-conic protoconch. Shoulder deeply concave. Post-nucleai whoils sculptured with prominent, spinose, tubercular axials stopped at angle, and greatly le- duced to almost obsolete at lower suture, 10 on penultimate. Surface smooth and glossy, except for about 20 spiral threads on fasciole, neck and lower part of base, strongest on fasciole and fading out on base. Aperture broken in all available specimens, but e\ identlv quite typical. Parietal insertion callus well developed. Height, 8.1 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austroclavus clifdenensis n. sp. PI. 1, fig- 1- Shell rather small, similar to finlayi, but with a protoconch of the first group, almost identical with that of the second group, but with 5 whorls and the sutures narrow y margined above. Whorls sharply angled at middle, 10, including protoconch. Axials 119 strong, spinose, tubercular as is finlayi, but more oblique, 10 on Surface smooth and glossy except for 8 distinct spiral cords on neck of canal Spire 1, times height of aperture. Aperture typical. Parietal insertion callus massive. Cl if den (4b), a lower horizon than (6c), show very slight differences in thei axials „ slightly more oblique, and the body whorl a trifle narrower, but these diffeiences aie too slight even for subspecific differentiation. Height, 8.4 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection) Localities: Clifden (6c type and 4b) and (East side A), Southland (Hutchinson Lower Miocene. Austroclavus awakinoensis n. sp. PI. 1, fig- 4. Shell small, protoconch of 5 whorls, as in second group, with suture lightly margined above. Whorls 8, including protoconch, angled at middle, shoulder deeply concave, pire U times height of aperture. Axials broad and strong, bluntly tubercular at angle bu not spinose, 9 on penultimate, reaching lower suture, but absent from base. Surface smooth and glossy except for 8 fine spiral threads on neck of canal. Aperture typica (broken in holotype). Parietal insertion callus strong. Height, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). . Locality: Awakino Gorge, 1 mile W. of road tunnel at N. entrance to Gorge, Mahoenui Beds (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Austroclavus marshalli n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 2. Species the direct descendant of clifdenensis, differing in being proportionately wide*, shoulder not so deeply concave, and the axials wider, heavier, and broader; bluntly tubercular at the angle, but not spinose. Whorls 9, including 5 whorled first group protoconch. Axials 10 on penultimate, more strongly developed on body-whorl than m clifdenensis. Shell smooth and glossy, except for 8 spiral cords on neck of canal. Height, 9 mm.; diameter, 3.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pukeuri (type) ; Target Gully and Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan). BORSONXINAE. Genus Borsonia Bellardi, 1839. Type (monotypy): B. primci Bellardi (Helvetian) Miocene, Tuiin, Italy. Finlay (1930, p. 81) reviewed the New Zealand Tertiary members of this genus and the closely allied Cordieria } both of which bear two columellar plaits. The genotype of Borsonia has only one plait, but Cossmann (1896, pp. 96-98) allows the genus to cover species with one or two plaits. In the New Zealand Eocene there are two characteristic groups— “Borsonia” of Turriculid style, with long canal and rather deep sinus, and “Cordieria” for Mitromorphoid shells with short canal and a wide shallow sinus. The range of Borsonia in New Zealand is (Bortonian) Middle Eocene to (Hutchin¬ sonian) Lower Miocene. Cossmann (l.c.) cites a European range for the genus of from Palaeocene to Pliocene, and mentions Recent occurrences off the Azores and Philippines. Key to N.Z. Species of Borsonia. Axials 6-7 per whorl, interspaces wider . *zelandica (Marshall) Axials 9-10 per whorl, interspaces subequal. Shell over 15 mm. Axials knobby . *mitromorphoides Suter Shell under 10 mm. Axials longer, rib-like . *clifdenensis Finlay 120 Borsonia zelandica (Marshall, 1919). 1919 J olutodoma zelandica Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51, p. 230, PI 17 f 4 5 1930 Borsonia zelandica : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 82. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Hampden, North Otago (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. t Borsonia mitromorphoides Suter, 1917. 1917 Borsonia (Cordieria) mitromorphoides Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 59, PI. 12, f. 22. 1930 Borsonia mitromorphoides : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 82. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Wharekuri, Waitaki Valley (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Borsonia clifdenensis Finlay, 1930. PI. 4, fig. 2. 1930 Borsonia clifdenensis Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 82. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c), Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Cordieria Rouault, 1848. Type (s.d. Cossmann, 1896, p. 98): C. iherica Rouault. Eocene. Paris Basin. The genus, according to Cossmann (1896, p. 100) has a European range of from Eocene to Pliocene. In New Zealand the genus is known only from the (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. . *huttoni Finlay i: verrucosa Finlay • . *rudis Hutton • • *haasti Finlay Cordieria rudis (Hutton, 1885). 1885 Clathurella rudis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 328. 1930 Cordieria rudis : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 82, PI. 4, tigs. 47-50. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, S. Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Cordieria haasti Finlay, 1930. 1930 Cordieria haasti Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 83, PI. 4, figs. 57, 58, 59. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Cordieria verrucosa Finlay, 1930. 1930 Cordieria verrucosa Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 83, PI. 4, figs. 60, 61. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Pinlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Cordieria huttoni Finlay, 1930. 1930 Cordieria huttoni Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 61, p. 84, PI. 4, figs. 52-55. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Key to N.Z. Species of Cordieria. Shell rather slender; spirals thin. Axials 9 p°r whorl . Shell stout, rather squat; spirals thick. Axials 6-7 per whorl; very stout and knobby.. Axials 9 per whorl, stout . Axials 10-12 per whorl . 121 Genus Borsonella Dali, 1908. Type (o.d.): Borsonia dalli Arnold. Pliocene-Recent, California. The genus is typically of West American Pliocene to Recent distribution, and is characterised by the possession of a single strong pillar plait and a deep sinus on an excavated shoufder. The sculpture is normally spiral, feeble, but wi h one or two spiral carinae; axials when present are associated with the penpheral kee The New Zealand (Urenuian) Upper Miocene species assigned to the genus b> wick (1931, p. 137) has stronger axials than in any West American species, but othei- wise seems fairly well placed. Borsonella sinelirata Marwick, 1931. 1931 Borsonella sinelirata Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 137, PI. 15, f. 289. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Ormond Series, N.Z. G.S. loc. 1332, Gisborne (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Genus Eoscobinella n. gen. Type: E. tahuia u. sp. (Taliuian) Uppei Eocene, Is.Z. This new genus, at present represented only by a solitary specimen from the New Zealand Upper Eocene, is allied to the North American Oligocene Scobinella, but so dis¬ tinct from it in details of protoconch, sculpture and form of the pillar plaits that generic separation is essential. Shell very narrowly fusiform, like a Zexilia, but at once distin¬ guished by the deep Zemacics- like shoulder sinus. Protoconch imperfect but indicated as tall, conical and polygyrate of about five whorls, followed by a half-whorl of strong biephic axials. The post-nuclear sculpture is of moderately strong, slightly oblique, broadly rounded axials, crossed by weakly incised linear grooves. The pillar bears a number of weak oblique narrow plaits. Scobinella has a low conic protoconch of 2b whorls, strong beaded adult sculpture, and distinct Mitra- like folds on the pillar. Eoscobinella tahuia n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 1. Shell of moderate size, elongate-fusiform. Whorls about 11, including a tall polj- gyrate, smooth protoconch of about five whorls as described above. Sutuie maigined hy a distinct rounded cord, shoulder concave, distinct. Axials broadly lounded, oblique, about 16 on spire whorls, becoming obsolete on latter half of body-whorl. The axials are stopped at the shoulder angle, and on the spire whorls are crossed by nine weakly in¬ cised linear spirals. On the latter half of the base both axials and spiials aie obsolescent. Aperture narrow”, elongate, broken in only known specimen. Pillar vertical, beaiing about 7 w^eak oblique plaits. Outer lip, as shown by growth lines, with a deep rounded sinus, occupying the shoulder; below the thin lip swings forward in a broad aic. Height, 17.4 mm.; diameter, 4.5 mm. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: McCullough’s Bridge, South Canterbury (Tahuian) Upper Eocene. Genus Mitrithara Hedley, 1922. Type (o.d.): Cohtmbella alba Petterd (Recent) Tasmania. Small solid biconical to cylindro-fusiform shells with a blunt, smooth, paucispiral pro¬ toconch ; one or two indistinct plications on the columella, anterior canal short and wide, sinus broad and very shallow. Sculpture of close revolving cords sometimes crossed by axial riblets; whorls never shouldered. Outer-lip unvariced, typically lirate within. The genotype is Recent Tasmanian and Southern Australian, but the genus has a representa¬ tive in the Australian Tertiary in the Balcombian daphnelloides (Ten.-Woods). In New 7 Zealand the range of the genus is Waitakian (Upper Oligocene) to Recent. 122 Key to Species of Mitrithara. 1. Axials persistent over all post-nuclear whorls; rendering spirals Axial threads very numerous, about 30 per whorl. granulate or gemmulate. 2 . 9 O. Spiral cords 7 on spire whorls . Axials and spirals latticed, forming rectangular Spiral cords 4-5 on spire whorls. Axials stronger, vertical, 15-16 per whorl. Spiral cords 4-5 on spire whorls. Axials fewer, quite strong, 10-13 per whorl. Spiral cords 5-6 on spire whorls. . granulifera Powell interspaces. Axials arcuate, 18-19 per whorl. . barrierensis n. sp. . gemmata (Suter) . *formosa Marwick Axials obsolete fiom body-whorl; gemmulate only on upper whorls. Axials 15 per whorl. Spiral cords 4-6 on spire whorls . brachyspira (Suter) Axials 20 per whorl. Spiial coids 6 on spire whorls . * granum Marwick Axials absent from all whorls. Shell narrowly ovate. Spiral cords 7-9 on spire whorls. *suthcrlandica n. sp. Shell ovate-biconic. Spiral cords 7-8 on spire whorls. Hvaitakiensis n. sp. Mitrithara waitakiensis n. sp. PL 11, fig. 13. Shell ovate-biconic; spire whorls lightly and evenly convex. Sculpture of moderately strong flattened spiral cords with narrower interspaces; 7-8 cords on spire whorls and 26 on body-whorl. A few faint axial threads cross the early spire whorls, otherwise the cords are quite smooth. There are two quite strong pillar plaits. Height, 9 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Mitrithara sutherlandica n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 5. Shell small, slender, narrowly ovate, sculptured with close-spaced, prominent, rounded spiral cords. Whorls 5 J, including typical paucispiral blunt protoconch. (Apical whorls badly eroded in all available material.) Spire same height as aperture. Whorl outlines very slightly convex. Seven to nine spirals on spire whorls, nineteen on body-whorl and base, with a further series of finer, and closer spaced, spiral cords on the neck and fasciole. Axials entirely absent. Outer lip much thickened within. Sinus broad and shallow, but distinct. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 2.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Sutherland’s, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mitrithara brachyspira (Suter, 1917). 1917 Borsonia (Mitromorpha) brachyspira Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 58, PI. 6, f. 20. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Mitrithara granum Marwick, 1928. 1928 Mitrithara granum Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, p. 490, fig. 138 on p. 506. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Whenuataru Peninsula, Chatham Islands (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. 123 Mitrithara formosa Marwick, 1931. 1931 Mitrithara formosa Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 14(3, PL 16, f. 307. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1325, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Mitrithara gemmata (Suter, 1908). 1908 Mitromorpha gemmata Suter, Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, p. 186, PI. 7, f. 18. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: 50 fathoms, Snares Islands (type) ; 60 fathoms off Otago Heads, 50 fathoms off Oamaru. Mitrithara barrierensis n. sp. PL 11, fig. 12. This is a northern relative of the Forsterian-Rossian gemmata , differing in sculptural detail. Gemmata has close-spaced spirals developed into prominent transversely o\al gemmules, spreading across broadly rounded axials, but in barrierensis the sculpture is lat¬ ticed by more distant spirals and narrower, flatter axials enclosing rectangular inter¬ spaces. Also the axials are decidedly arcuate on the body-whorl in barrierensis and there is a broader concavity between the subsutural cord and the next below. In gemmata the axials are more vertical and the subsutural sulcus is no wider than the other interspaces. Spiral cords 4-5 on spire whorls, 18 on body-whorl. Axials 18-19 per whorl. There are two weak pillar plications. Height, 7 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Off Little Barrier Island in 20 fathoms. Mitrithara granulifera Powell, 1937. 1937 Mitrithara granulifera Powell, Discovery Reports, 15, p. 218, PI. 56, f. 9. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: Discovery II., Station 933, 260 metres off Three Kings Islands. Genus Itia Marwick, 1931. Type (o.d.): Itia clatrata Marwick (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. N.Z. This genus was proposed with a brief diagnosis for a Gisborne Ihungian (Lower Mio¬ cene) fossil, stress being placed on the “large protoconch with its depressed apex and the peculiar trellised sculpture of the body-whorl.” No attempt at generic corellation was made. Examination of the type material shows that a better manner of description of the sculpture would be—whorls sculptured with numerous rounded, close-spaced axials, the whole being cut by deeply incised linear grooves. Closely similar sculpture is characteristic of my Mitrithara regis Powell (1937, p. 218, PI. 56, f. 10), and undoubtedly the two are related. The Recent regis has a large, smooth, dome-shaped protoconch also, and is followed similarly by a half whorl of brephic axials. Also the recent shell bears two rudimentary columellar plaits. The protoconch of true Mitrithara is much smaller and narrower, and lacks the brephic stage, so Itia may be preserved as a near relative of Mitrithara. Itia clatrata Marwick, 1931. 1931 Itia clatrata Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 143, PI. 12, f. 230. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1340, Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. 124 Itia regis (Powell, 1937). 1937 Mitrithara regis Powell, Discovery Reports, 15, p. 218, PI. 56, f. 10. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities: Discovery II., Station 933, 260 metres off Three Kings Islands- Poor Knights Islands. ’ 60 fathoms off Genus Vexithara Finlay, 1926. T>pe (o.d.). Antimitra vexilliformis Marshall & Murdoch (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. A New Zealand Miocene group closely allied to Mitrithara. Typically, Mitrithara has only spiral sculpture but weak axial reticulation and in extreme forms quite strong axials may be present. Vexithara differs in being prominently shouldered with a strong spiral keel at the peripheral angle. Weaker, close-spaced spiral cords and regular axials com¬ plete the post-nuclear sculpture. Protoconch narrow, erect, of two smooth whorls_ narrower and more peg-like than in Mitrithara. Sinus very shallow, occupying the shoul¬ der. Two weak but distinct columellar plaits. The two known species are of elongate sub-cylindrical outline. Vexithara vexilliformis (Marshall & Murdoch, 1923). 1923 Antimitra vexilliformis Marshall & Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54, p. 127, PI. 13 f. 3 1926 Vexithara vexilliformis ' Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 254. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Vexithara nodosolirata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Ptychatractus nodosoliratus Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 25, PI. 12, f. 23. 1926 Vexithara nodosolirata : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 254. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: Blue Cliffs (type) ; Pareora River, S. Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Genus Maorimorpha Powell, 1939. Type (o.d.): Mitromorpha suteri Murdoch, 1905. Recent, N.Z. In 1939 (Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 2, p. 235) I proposed the above generic name for the problematic suteri, originally described from Whangaroa Harbour (C. Traill collection). The species has since turned up from Bluff oyster scrapings and in 10-17 fathoms off Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island. Traill collected at both Whangaroa and Stewart Island and there is the possibility that his collections of small material became mixed. Certainly he was responsible for the erroneous record of some Australian molluscs in the New Zealand fauna. It is possible, therefore, that M. suteri may be found to be restricted to the Forsterian in New Zealand, and this remark may apply also to the Liotid species Conjectura glabella (Murdoch, 1905) described from ‘Whangaroa Harbour (C. Traill col¬ lection)”. A second Forsterian species of Maorimorpha is described below. The genus seems allied to Mitrithara, but is much more slender, has a chaiacteiistic few-whorled smooth protoconch of 1| whorls, the tip set askew and ini oiled, and no columellar plicae. The genus has a close superficial resemblance to the Pyrenid genus Paxula, except that Maorimorpha has a shallow but nevertheless distinct shouldei sinus. Some of Verco’s South Australian Mitromorpha spp. (= Mitrithara) resemble Maori¬ morpha in shape, and some likewise by the absence of columellai plicae, but in none is the characteristic Maorimorpha protoconch present. 125 Maorimorpha suteri (Murdoch, 1905). 1905 Mitromorpha suteri Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 37, p. 220, PI. «, f. 6. 1913 Alcira suteri • Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p 440. 1926 Mitromorpha ’ suteri : Finlay, Trans. N Z. Inst. 57, p. 430. 1939 Maorimorpha suteri • Powell, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 2, p. 235. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: Whangaroa Harbour (C. Traill) (Type, but locality here considered doubt¬ ful); Bluff, oyster scrapings; 10-17 fath. off Fancy Group, Stewart Island; Foveaux Strait (dredged, A. Hamilton collection). Maorimorpha secunda n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 1. Differs from suteri in being more narrowly ovate-fusiform, with proportionately longer spire, and higher, more loosely coiled whorls. Style of protoconch, aperture and sculp¬ ture almost identical, but the colour is uniformly dull-white, except the protoconch, which is buff to pale grey . Although the spiral element in the sculpture is similar, 6-7 cords on spire whorls, and 16-20 on the body-whorl, the axials are more distant and stronger, causing weak reticulation. Sinus broad and shallow, occupying the broad, ill defined shoulder, and more definite than in suteri. Height, 4.6 mm.; diameter, 1.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: 72 fathoms off Cape Saunders, Otago. Genus Scrinium Hedley, 1922. Type (o.d.): Mitromorpha brasieri Smith. Recent, New South Wales. A genus of small ovate to ovate-biconic Turrids with a low, dome-shaped, smooth, paucispiral protoconch, wide aperture and very shallow subsutural sinus, very short wide canal and twisted columella. A noticeable feature is that the sinus area is weakly defined or undifferentiated. The genus ranges from the (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene to Re¬ cent in New Zealand. Apart from the genotype three other Recent species are known from Southern Australia, and it is represented in the Australian Tertiary by the (Bal- combian) ColumbeUa hemiothone Tenison-Woods, 1880. Key to N.Z. Species of Scrinium. 1. Spire short. Shell ovate, very inflated. A. Shoulder undifferentiated. Surface with very weak spirals. Axials 9 per whorl, broad, low and indistinct, absent from body whorl * o rdi n a turn (Hutton) 2. Spire equal to or slightly higher than aperture. Shell elongate-oval or ovate-biconic. B. Shoulder bluntly rounded. Surface with subobsolete spiral threads. Axials 8-9 per whorl, low, broadly rounded . * blandiatum (Suter) Surface with numerous fine threads and wider spaced basal cords. Shell broadly ovate. Axials 10 per whorl . *stirophorum (Suter) Shell narrowly ovate. Axials 11-12 per whorl. * fin-lay i u. sp. Surface evenly sculptured with numerous fine linear spaced threads. Axials 8 per whorl, broadly rounded, prominent . *callimorphum (Suter) Surface with numerous fine spiral threads, but several at periphery more strongly developed . Axials 10-11 per whorl, ovate, strongly nodulous . * thorns oni n. sp. Axials 14 per whorl, broadly rounded ... *strongi Marwick 126 C. Shoulder angled. Surface with broad, flat, linear-spaced spirals. Axials 8 per whorl, broad, low, and indistinct. Shoulder huff, reddish-brown below. neozelamcmn (Suter) Axials 14-15 per whorl, broad and low. Shoulder dark purplish-brown, buff below . sandcrsonac (Bucknill) Scrinium cailimorphum (Suter, 1917). 1917 Euthria callirnorpha Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 31, PI. 12, f. 6. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Waitaki Valley, opposite Wharekuri (Duntroonian) Upper Oligocene. Scrinium blandiatum (Suter, 1917). 1917 Mangilia blandiata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 55, PI. 12, f. 17. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Scrinium ordinatum (Hutton, 1877). 1877 Cominclla ordinatis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 9, p. 596, PI. 16, f. 8. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: White Rock River, South Canterbury; Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Scrinium stirophorum (Suter, 1917). 1917 Euthria stirophora Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 32, PI. 4, f. 16. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Scrinium finlayi n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 9. Shell small, narrowly ovate, spire one and a third times height of aperture. Proto- conch blunt, dome-shaped, of two smooth whorls followed by a few brephic axials. Sur¬ face of post-nuclear whorls with subobsolete fine spiral threads and strong*, wide-spaced basal cords. Axials vertical, bluntly rounded, 11 to 12 per whorl, weaker on body-whorl but continuing well over base and rendering the five widespaced spirals weakly gemmu- late at the points of intersection. The shoulder is shallowly concave commencing at three-fourths whorl height. Height, 7 mm.; diameter, 2.75 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality :Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The species is nearest to stirophorum, which is larger, much bioader and with stiongei subsidiary spirals, particularly on the spire whorls, as well as a wider shoulder. Scrinium strongi Marwick, 1931. 1031 Scrinium strongi Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 137, PI. 15, t 288. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. Tutamoe Series (Upper) 1733 ?, 176t> (Awamoan) Middle l 10 - cene; Ormond Series, 1322 (type) Gisborne (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Scrinium thomsoni n. sp. PI. 11, fig- 8- Shell large for the genus, broadly ovate-biconic, with spire equal to height of apei Sculpture of prominent blunt ovate nodules occupying the lower half of the spire w and not extending over the base. Spiral sculpture consisting of about ten 127 threads on the shoulder, four strong narrowly rounded cords at the periphery, accentu¬ ated on the axials, and a number of unevenly developed threads on the body-whorl as well as two moderate cords about the middle of the base. Height, 15 mm.; diameter, 7.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Lower end of Starborough Creek, Marlborough (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Collected by the late Dr. J. Allan Thomson, 1914. Scrinium neozelanicum (Suter, 1908). 190S Bela neozclanica Suter, Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, p. 185, PI. 7, f. 17. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: 3-4 fathoms Whangarei Heads (type) ; 25 fathoms Hen and Chickens Islands; 60 fathoms Poor Knights Is. Scrinium sandersonae Bucknill, 1927. PI. 14, fig. 10. 1927 Scrinium sandersonae Bucknill, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, p. 311, PI. 35, f. 1. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Locality: Matauri Bay, near Whangaroa. Genus Awateria Suter, 1917. Type (o.d.): A. streptophora Suter, 1917 (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene, N.Z. The exact status of this New Zealand Lower Pliocene genus is difficult to determine, for the protoconchs of all known specimens are badly eroded. Suter (1917, p. 57) describes the protoconch as “consisting of H whorls, the nucleus with its initial point erect, but is then suddenly immersed to the extent of one-quarter or one-half volution,leaving a trian¬ gular or semicircular depression.” The genus appears closely allied to Gymnobela Verrill, 1884, type (s.d. Cossmann 1896) G. eugonia Verrill, an East American abyssal rarity. If Gymnobela extensa Dali is correctly assigned to that genus, then Awateria is so close that it may be synonymous or at most separable as a subgenus. As satisfactory figures of the genotype of Gymnobela are unavailable and Dali, 1908 (Albatross Reports, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 43, no. 6, pp. 278-280) included such an incongruous assortment under the genus, one can only leave the matter for subsequent elucidation, meanwhile crediting Awa¬ teria with generic status for New Zealand usage. Hedley (1922, p. 232) referred to Awateria four Recent species, Pleurotoma (Drillia) challengeri, crossei, hoylci and watsoni (the last three doubtfully) all of Smith 1891 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, pp. 438-439) and all from 410 fathoms off Sydney (“Challenger”). It is impossible to state from the original descriptions and figures if these species have been correctly assigned to Awateria except that the first mentioned does bear considerable resemblance to that genus. The range of Awateria in New Zealand is (Taranakian) Upper Miocene to (Nuku- maruan) Middle Pliocene. Key to Species of Awateria. A. Shell ovate-cylindrical. Moniliform subsutural fold very massive. Spire whorls with strong, blunt axials interrupted by deep narrow sinus area. Axials crossed low down by 1 or 2 weak spiral grooves .* streptophora (Suter) Axials crossed medially by a deep spiral groove . * evanida (Suter) Spire whorls with one spiral series of nodules additional to subsutural fold. Spire less than height of aperture. Nodules or gemmules bluntly rounded. Base with axials abruptly terminated by groove . *defossa n. sp. Base with long thin axials reaching neck . *marwicki n. sp. 128 Spire 1 h times height of aperture. Nodules prickly .. Moniliform subsutural fold moderate. Spire whorls with strong spirals and weak axials. Spirals 2, additional to subsutural fold. Spire 11 times height of aperture. Spirals 3, additional to subsutural fold. Spire equal to height of aperture . Spire li to twice height of aperture. Spirals 4, additional to subsutural fold. Axials broad; spirals narrow, interspaces twice their width Axials thin, subobsolete; spirals narrow, much wider spaced B. Shell broadly biconic. Moniliform subsutural fold moderate. Axials narrow, strong, numerous. Heavy peripheral nodulous band. Spirals weak, interstitial . Awateria defossa n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 7. Shell small, with depressed spire, which is less than height of aperture. Spire whorls showing a spiral row of blunt rounded nodules at each suture, 14-15 per whorl. Upper sutural row representing the subsutural fold; the lower sutural row being the peripheral crest of longish axials which occupy half the height of the base. The bottoms of these axials abruptly terminate at a deep, narrow median basal groove bordered below by a weakly nodulated spiral cord and followed distantly by a second one near the anterior canal. Axials weakly continuous across the broad shallow shoulder. Two very indistinct spiral cords cross the long basal axials. Height, 6.25 mm.; diameter, 3.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1523, Mangapoike River below road above Big Bend above Te Puna, Poiti (N.E.) S.D., Wairoa; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1524, 10 chains down stream from 1523 (Holotype) (“Mapiri” = Taranakian) Upper Miocene. Awateria marwicki n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 5. Shell small, ovate, with depressed spire, which is less than height of aperture. Spire whorls with a moderately strong subsutural fold and a medially situated, strong, rounded peripheral cord. The shoulder is deeply concave and there is a deep, narrow groove be¬ neath the peripheral cord. On the base there are five broad, flat, linear spaced cords, followed by five narrowly rounded cords with interspaces twice the width of the cords, each interspace with a weaker cord. Narrow rounded axials, about 18 per whorl, extend from the periphery to the anterior canal and weakly connect across the shoulder, rendering both the subsutural fold and the peripheral cord gemmulate to weakly nodulous. Apical whorls missing in sole example. Height, 5.2 mm.; diameter, 3 mm.; (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1523, Mangapoike River below road above Big Bend above Te Puna, Poiti (N.E.) S.D., Wairoa (“Mapiri” = Taranakian) Upper Miocene. Awateria karakaensis Marwick, 1931. 1931 Awateria karakaensis Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 144, PI. 15, f. 290. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1290, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. . *echinata n. sp. . *mollyae King *karakaensis Marwick . *rctiolata King . *thomsoni li. sp. • • • *zvairoaensis n. sp. .... *personata n. sp. 129 Awateria echinata n. sp. PL 11, fig. 2. Shell small. Spire H times height of aperture. Protoconch blunt, paucispiral, worn, but showing distinct, closely spaced, slightly concave brephic axials on last half whorl. Sculpture consisting of spiral series of strong prickly nodules, which are connected verti¬ cally by thin lamellate axials. Spire whorls with two equally strong spiral series, the upper one representing the characteristic subsutural fold. On the base a third spiral series emerges from the lower suture and there are three others below, all widespread and each becoming successively weaker. Height, 4 mm.; diameter, 2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc., 1508, Kinikini, light grey mudstone below limestone. Mahia (N.W.) S.D., Wairoa (top of Opoitian?) Lower Pliocene. Awateria personata n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 3. Shell of moderate size, broadly biconic, fiat-shouldered, with tabulated spire and a prominent peripheral nodulose band. Moderately strong moniliform subsutural border and crisp arcuate axials, having weak flattened linear spaced interstitial spiral cords be¬ coming stronger and wider spaced below the axials on the neck. Spire less than height of aperture. Protoconch paucispiral, badly eroded. Axials 23 on body-whorl. Spirals two on spire-whorls, sixteen on body-whorl and three on anterior canal. Shoulder with¬ out spirals but bearing weak lamellar axials connecting the subsutural and peripheral nodules. Height, 7 mm.; diameter, 4.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1543, mudstone and argillaceous sandstone beds, Mangawhero Stream, Taramarama (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa; (Holotype) 1570, Road, £ mile north of road forks at head of Waihua River, Waiau, S.W., Wairoa S.D. (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. This species bears striking resemblance to both Gymnobela blakcana Dali, 1881 (Dali 1889, PI. 10, f. 1) from off Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico in 640 fathoms, and Lora brachis Dali (1919, p. 41, PI. 7, f. 3) from the Galapagos Islands in 812 fathoms. However, both these species lack the subsutural moniliform fold which is a feature of Awateria, but not exclu¬ sive to it. Grant & Gale 1931 (p. 524) considered Gymnobela as differing from Lora only by the absence of an operculum. A new species not good enough for description but apparently ancestral to personata n. sp. occurs at N.Z.G.S. loc. 1524 (Taranakian) Upper Miocene. This has a very narrow and much weaker subsutural border. Neither personata nor the n. sp. just mentioned are typical of Awateria, but they may be classed as such until better material allows of more critical comparison. Awateria thomsoni n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 1. < She11 small, ovate-cylindrical. Spire 1.3 times height of aperture. Whorls rounded, with moderate subsutural fold, a deep narrow sinus area and four narrow, sharply raised spiral cords on spire whorls followed by a further eight on the base; interspaces about twice width of cords. Axials broad, fold-like, but rather weak, 16-17 per whorl. The subsutural fold and the upper cords are rendered nodulous, but those on the base are smooth. Height, 15 mm.; diameter, 7.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality • Lover end of Starborough Creek, Marlborough (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Collected by the late Dr. J. Allan Thomson. 130 Awateria streptophora Suter, 1917. 1917 Awateria streptophora Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 57, PL 12, f. 19, Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Awatere River, left bank above Seddon Railway Bridge, Marlborough (Wai- totaran) Lower Pliocene. Awateria wairoaensis n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 6. Spire about 1.3 times height of aperture. Sculpture consisting of narrow, sharply- raised, wide-spaced spiral cords, four on spire whorls and about ten on body-whorl. The subsutural fold is narrow and not very prominent, smooth to very obscurely crenulated, not gemmate. Weak, very narrow axials, 14 per whorl, render the upper cords of the spire whorls weakly tuberculate; axials obsolete over body-whorl. Species related to both karakacnsis Marwick and mollyae King, all three having a weaker subsutural fold than in the genotype, and sculpture of narrow, wide-spaced cords crossed by very weak axials. The only other Awateria with four spirals on the spire- whorls is thomsoni n. sp., but it has a stronger subsutural fold, closer-spaced spiral cords and much broader axials. In mollyae the spiral cords are much wider-spaced than in wairoaensis, and they are reduced to two on the spire-whorls; karakaensis has three cords additional to the subsutural fold on the spire whorls. Height, 10 mm.; diameter, 4.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1215, mudstone with pumice fragments, coast, 1-2 miles west of mouth of Wairoa River, Hawke’s Bay. Clyde and Waihua S.D. (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. Awateria evanida Suter, 1917. 1917 Awateria streptophora evanida Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 57, PI. 12, f. 20. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Awatere River, left bank above Seddon Railway Bridge, Marlborough (Waito¬ taran) Lower Pliocene. Awateria retiolata King, 1933. 1933 Awateria retiolata King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 351, PL 36, fig. 12. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs east of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Awateria mollyae King, 1933. PI. 11, fig. 4. 1933 Awateria mollyae King, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 63, p. 351. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Cliffs east of Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Genus Thesbia Jeffreys, 1867. The reference of Watson’s Fleurotoma (Thesbia) membranacea and xanthias to Thesbia Jeffreys, 1867, could hardly be less appropriate. The genotype, Thesbia nana (Loven, 1846) is a tiny shell resembling a delicately spirally striated Pyrenid, although the genus is definitely Turrid, as has been shown by the radula (Forbes & Hanley 1851, “A History of British Mollusca,” 3, p. 462). It is a boreal deep water species having a very blunt, paucispiral, mammillary, unsymmetrically coiled, smooth protoconch and a small shallow sinus. Thiele (1925, p. 232, pi. 28, f. 14) describes and figures an East African species as Thesbia algoaensis, but this seems to be a Pyrenid allied to Zafra. 131 The New Zealand (Wangaloan) Eothesbia Finlay & Marwick, 1937, p. 88, is compared with Thesbia. and so far as one can judge from the imperfect material there may be some relationship. Eothesbia differs from Thesbia in having a conoid protoconch of 4|- smooth whorls with a small nucleus, and a very broad open sinus extending from the suture to below the periphery. Even the subfamily location of Thesbia and Eothesbia is doubtful, but for the present they may be tentatively referred to the Borsoniinae along with the other Pyreniform and Mitriform Turrids. Watson’s species, however, are described as having “a deep broad sinus which lies up at the very suture and with no shelf at the insertion; below the sinus the edge of the lip sweeps forward in a great wing-like curve.” The protoconch in each species is either worn or damaged, but that of xanthias is described as probably of 3-31 whorls, but the apex is lost and only 2 whorls remain, “microscopically scored by minute narrow raised lines which are straight above, but below slope very quickly to the left.” Although the evidence of the protoconch is not conclusive, the sinus indicates the Daphnellinae and excludes any relationship with Thesbia. Also Watson’s species range from 19.5 to 22 mm. in height as compared with a maximum of 6 mm. for the diminutive Thesbia nana. Watson’s species are from “Challenger” dredgings in 1100 fathoms off Cape Turn- again, and they have not been collected since. I have not seen the types, but Watson’s excellent descriptions and figures leave no doubt that these deep-water New Zealand shells are congeneric and represent a new genus related perhaps to Typhlosyrinx Thiele, 1925, and Pontiothauma Smith, 1894. It may seem unwise to nominate a new genus on a species I have not seen, but on the other hand it is less desirable to force these species into an existing gioup to which they bear no relationship. See Xanthodaphne under the Daphnellinae. Genus Eothesbia Finlay & Marwick, 1937. Type (o.d.): E. microtomoides Finlay & Marwick. (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous, N.Z. Eothesbia microtomoides Finlay & Marwick, 1937. 1937 Eothesbia microtomoides Finlay & Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 15, p 88 PI 12 figs. 5, 8. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Wangaloa (type) ; Boulder Hill (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. MANGELIINAE. Genus Neoguraleus Powell, 1939. Type (o.d.): Drillia sinclairi Gillies 1882, Recent, N.Z. In Rec. Auck. Inst. & Mus. vol. 2, no. 4, p. 236, this genus was proposed to cover a series of New Zealand Recent and Tertiary species previously ascribed to the Australian genus Guraleus Hedley, 1918. Neoguraleus resembles the Australian Gardens in shape, size, sculpture, and broad, shallow sinus occupying the shoulder, but has a different pro¬ toconch In picta Adams and Angas, the genotype of Guraleus, the protoconch is poly- gyiate, dome-shaped and smooth. In Neoguraleus it is polygyrate also, but only the tip one to one and a half whorls is smooth, the remainder being fenestrate—heavy spiral ee s and weak, closely spaced axials. The canal is moderately short and suddenly twisted low down, as opposed to the following sub-genus, which has a long, slender neck and canal. Neoguraleus typical is represented by a number of Recent species, but only a ew Tei tiai y members, extending back as far as the (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 132 Key to Species of Neoguraleus. 1. sinclairi line. A. Spiral sculpture fine ancl dense, with a few stronger threads. a. Colour bands complex, not interrupted by axials. Base gradually contracted. Spire whorls sagging; 13-16 axials per whorl.. .sinclairi (Gillies) Base suddenly contracted. Spire whorls high shouldered; 9 axials per whorl , ^ , , , . , , . , whangaroaensis n. sp. b. Colour bands interrupted by axials. Shell tall and narrow; axials 12 per whorl . sandersonae n. sp. Shell broad and squat; axials 14-16 per whorl . interruptus n. sp. B. Spiral sculpture somewhat coarser with a few still stronger cords. Spire about equal to height of aperture. Shell narrow. Axials 8-9 per whorl very strong . manukauensis n. sp. Axials 12-13 per whorl, rather narrowly rounded . murdochi (Finlay) Axials 11-12 per whorl. Differs from all others in having pillar twist, obsolete *deceptus n. sp. Shell broad and squat. Axials 12 per whorl . huttoni (Smith) Spire 1 h times height of aperture or more. Axials 8-9 per whorl, very strong . *nukumaruensis n. sp. Axials 11 per whorl, rather narrowly rounded . benthic ola n. sp. C. Spiral sculpture regular; in one series, confined to axial interspaces. Axials 14-15 per whorl, slightly shouldered near suture . finlayi n. sp. Axials 22-25 per whorl; whorls convex . oruaensis n. sp. 2. lyallensis line. Spiral sculpture fine, axials broad, strong, fold-like, unicoloured except for dark patch on neck. Shell of moderate size (12-13 mm.). Spire whorls vertically compressed. Axials obsolete on last whorl . . tenebrosus (Powell) Spire whorls less telescoped. Axials persistent . lyallensis (Murdoch) Shell larger (17 mm.). Axials strong on spire, restricted to shoulder on body-whorl . *morgani (Marwick) 3. 4. amoenus line. Shell elongate, loosely coiled, with tall spire. Axials 15-20 per whorl. Whorls rounded or but slightly shouldered. Axial and spiral sculpture strong, persistent. Body-whorl moderately broad. Base suddenly contracted . amoenus (Smith) Axial sculpture subobsolete on later whorls. Shell very narrow. Base slowly contracted . *protensus (Hutton) Axial sculpture persistent. Close to protensa in shape, but smaller *ngatuturaensis (Bartrum & Powell) Whorls distinctly medially angled. Axials 15-16 per whorl, subobsolete on shoulder and not extending below suture lineatus. Shell broadly fusiform, whorls shouldered; resembling Anacithara. Axials very strong, 11 per whorl . *waihuaensis n. sp. *lineatus (Marwick) 1. sinclairi line. Neoguraleus deceptus n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 12. Whorls moderately convex, not angled. Sculptured with rather broad and rounded axials, almost reaching the fasciole, 12 on penultimate, 11 on body-whorl, crossed by weak primary cords, weaker intermediates, and still finer subsidiary striae. There are three primary cords on the spire whorls, uppermost just above middle, each interspace with a slightly weaker cord On the base there are nine alternately strong and weaker cords, and a further four, heavier and linear-spaced, on the neck. The fasciole bears much finer and very indistinct linear spaced threads. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus 133 canal. Whorls 6|, including typical polygyrate protoconch. Aperture rather narrow, with moderate subsutural sinus, but a comparatively short canal and only slightly flexu- ous pillar, not suddenly twisted as in Neoguraleus typical. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. This small species is almost a replica of the Upper Pliocene-Recent Neoguraleus mur- dochi, even to a correspondingly short beak, but the characteristic pillar-twist is unde¬ veloped. Except for the short canal, deceptus could well be a Fusiguraleus. No doubt the species marks the approximate point of divergence of the Neoguraleus line from the Fusiguraleus stock. Neoguraleus nukumaruensis n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 3. Shell fusiform, robust, sculptured with a few very heavy, broadly-rounded axials, extending over base almost to fasciole, 9 on penultimate and 8 on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture of numerous fine threads and two strong cords on the spire whorls, upper one just above the middle, lower one midway between the upper one and lower suture. On the base there are five spaced primary cords, the uppermost proceeding from the lower suture. The neck and fasciole bear the usual linear-spaced spirals. The species is nearest to murdochi, from which it differs in having fewer and much stronger axials and a more quickly contracted base. Height, 7.2 mm.; diameter, 3.3 mm. (apex missing) (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2312, Ongaonga Road, Waipukurau (S.W.) S.D.; Nukumaru (type) (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Neoguraleus murdochi (Finlay, 1924), PI. 6, fig. 9. 1900 Clathurella corrugata Murdoch (non Dunker, 1871). Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. 32, p 210 PI. 20 ,f. 8. “Blue-clay cliffs, west of Wanganui Heads.” 1924 Asperdaphnc murdochi Finlay, nom. nov. for corrugata Murdoch. Proc. Malac Soc vol 16 p. 104. 1939 Neoguraleus murdochi : Powell, Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. vol. 2. no. 4, p. 236. The type is an Upper Pliocene fossil from Castlecliff, Wanganui, but the species is also widely distributed over North and South Island Recent localities. Its narrowly tusiform shape and 12-13 strong but rather narrow axials (10-11 in type, which is a young shell), with fine but distinct spiral threads, and spaced heavier cords make it readily recognisable. Compared with sinclairi, murdochi has the axials narrower more clear cut and extending lower on the base; the primary spiral cords, three on’ spire whorls, lowest at suture, are stronger and quite distinct on the body-whorl. In sinclairi the primary spirals become obsolescent on the last whorl; the colour pattern (not always present) is similar, except that there is a very broad medial pale zone and the whole of band b on thTho 1 h * S dark ZOned ' There is the usual sutural darker band on the body-whorl. In smclam and the allied whangaroaensis the pale band is alwavs narrow. Dredged specimens are usually uniformly dark-brown or slate-grey (Stewtt ht M 7 ) mm ' ; breadth ’ 3 mm - (H ° l0tyPe) - Height ’ 9 breadth, 3.6 mm. L ° Ca {vanganui' a fcastlerrffi e ' pf (Nukll “an) Middle Pliocene; Castlecliff, Harho, r M f Il0Cene ( H °l°type) ; Recent, Stewart Island ; Dun- Orua Rav Ma’ v w 5 fvans and Day’s Bays, Wellington; Cheltenham, Auckland; *** «• •» 12 134 Neoguraleus sinclairi (Gillies, 1882). PL 6, fig. 1. 1878 Dejranchia luteo-fasciata : Hutton, Journ. de Conch, vol. 26, p. 17 (non Reeve 1845) Lyttelton cited. 1S80 Dejranchia luteo-fasciata : Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 45, Stewart Id.-Auckland, Chatham Islands. 1881 Dejranchia luteo-jasciata : Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 13, p. 201, “Not uncommon on seaweed in Port Lyttelton.” 1882 Drillia sinclairi (Smith ms.) Gillies, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 14, p. 170. 1884 Plcurotoma (Mangilia t) sinclairii E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vo . , V- N.Z. (Dr. Sinclair). 1913 Mangilia sinclairi : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 504. Hutton (1878) identified Lyttelton shells as Reeve’s luteo-fasciata, a West Indian species. Gillies’ sinclairi was an advance notification of E. A. Smith’s smclami rather than an attempt to rename Hutton’s luteo-fasciata, although in effect this is the result o Gillies’ action. The question raised is one of type locality. If Gillies’ name was a straight out re-nomination of Hutton’s species, then “on seaweed Port Lyttelton” would be the type locality, but as an advance notification of Smith’s smclami the position is that apart from Hab. New Zealand (Dr. Sinclair) no precise location in New Zealand was given. Moreover, Smith did not refer to Hutton’s luteo-fasciata in any way. However, it seems likely that Dr. Sinclair’s collection was from South Island sources in any case. I have never collected Neoguraleus from seaweeds unless “sea-grass” Zostera on mud-flats is intended, the species being frequently found crawling on mud-flats m association with Zostera. A specimen from Moeraki is figured as probably representing typical smclam, . being the normal form of the shell attributed to this species This shell has only 13 axials on the penultimate, as against 16 cited in Smith’s description, but has the characteristic sutural reddish-brown bands. Height, 9.25 mm.; diameter, 3.75 mm. (Moeraki, Finlay coll.). Localities: Stewart Island; Moeraki; Lyall Bay, Wellington; Milford, Auckland. Neoguraleus whangaroaensis n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 2. This is the northern (Aupourian) representative of sinclairi, being usually of some¬ what smaller size, with sub-shouldered, strongly convex whorls, rapidly contracted base, and fewer, broader and stronger axials. Compared with whangaroaensis smcl^ri - ™re elongate, with slightly sagging whorls and more numerous axials lo to (16 in the type Penultimate and body-whorls in whangaroaensis each with J axials. Spire 1.3 t height of aperture. Colour buff, with a moderately thick supra-sutural spiral band o dark purplish-brown, pillar similarly coloured; a median red-brown spiral line divide the whorls into a pale yellowish-brown zone extending to upper suture, and a zone of the buff ground colour descending to the suprasutural band. On the base the yellowish- brown zone descends almost to the fasciole. Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotvue presented to Auckland Museum. a i i i Localities: Taupo Bay, Whangaroa (Holotype); Mangonui Heads; Takapuna, Auckland. “Neoguraleus goodingi (Smith, 1884).” ... \ )• xp a Qrnith Aim. Must. Nut. Hist. (5), vol. 14, p. o20. 1S84 Plcurotoma (Mangilia) goodingn E. New Zealand. This unfigured and indefinitely localised species is not recognisable m the large series of specimens of the genus examined. Smith made special reference to the spiral row of reddish dots on the ribs, two on the upper wnorls and three on the la.L Colour or interrupted bands do occur in Neoguraleus, but are invariably m the intercostal spaces, not on the ribs themselves. Even if a mistake was made and the dots were actually 135 between the ribs I have not seen a specimen that tallies in having- 9-10 axials and three rows of dots on the body-whorl. Most likely Smith’s species was founded on an exotic shell, so without access to the British Museum type the name goodingi should be pro¬ visionally suspended from the New Zealand fauna. The following two new species have interrupted colour bands, the dots occurring between the ribs, and cover the shells previously ascribed to goodingi by New Zealand authors. Neoguraleus sandersonae n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 5. Shell fusiform, whorls evenly and stongly convex; base regularly contracted. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Whorls 7, including typical protoconch. Axials strong, rounded, rather distant, vertical, extending almost to fasciole, 12 on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture indefinite, stopped by the axials and consisting of a series of indistinct threads and two stronger cords on each of the spire whorls. Base, neck and fasciole with weak regularly spaced threads, those on the fasciole being linear-spaced. Colour pattern of two broad zones of light reddish-brown, on a buff ground, which shows as a broad medial band on the spire whorls. On the body-whorl the lower band extends over the base to the fasciole, and there is a moderately wide band of slightly deeper colour proceeding from the lower suture. Colour zones and the band are all interrupted by the axials. There is also a reddish-brown stain on the lower inner-lip callus and fasciole. Height, 9.4 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Whangaroa (Mrs. F. W. Sanderson). Neoguraleus interruptus n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 6. Shell squat and broad, whorls strongly convex, narrowly slightly shouldered sonln tured with numerous, vertical, broad, bluntly rounded prominent axials, extending from suture to suture and over the base to the neck. Whorls 7, including a typical dome shaped protoconch (as already described) of 8* whorls. Sixteen axials on penultimate whorl (varying between 14 and 16 in paratypes). Spire slightly higher than aperture. n erior canal very short and widely open. Sinus very weak, situated at shoulder Spiral sculpture of weak spiral cords, of which three on upper whorls, four on penulti¬ mate, and about four on the base are slightly stronger. All spirals are interrupted by the axials The neck and fasciole is sculptured with ten distinct linear-spaced spiral cords. Colour creamy-buff with two moderately broad reddish-brown spiral bands inter¬ rupted by the axials; one sutural band at shoulder and a second on body-whorl, proceed¬ ing fiom the lower suture; the neck also is similarly coloured. Height, 8.25 mm.; diameter, 4.25 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. “iS B™Wh. B Sr2 0 ' 0t! ' K): A " l, “‘ H " b “ r ,Dt - H ' J - *=•!.»> I Neoguraleus benthicola n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 3. This is a deep-water representative of murdochi, differing in having a much taller spire one and two thirds height of aperture, strongly convex whorls angled above he middle, and more distinct spiral threads, with the three spiral cords much stronger the uppermost causing the whorl angle. Axials prominent, broadly rounded and cross ’d bv spirals, eleven per whorl . Four stronger, spaced suirals on 7 crossed by spaced .on the neck, and seven minute linear-spaced threads on the fascMe. TotouS 136 formly buff except for a suspicion of a moderately wide pale brownish band proceeding fiom the lower suture on the body-whorl, and a tinge of the same colour on the fasciole and neck. Height, 8.1 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: 50 fathoms off Oamaru, N.Z. Neoguraleus huttoni (Smith, 1915). 1915 Mangilia huttoni E. A. Smith. Moll. “Terra Nova” Expd. Zool. vol. 2, no. 4, p. 88, PI. 1, fig. 29. This is a squat relative of murdochi, having 12 axials per whorl, all of which are crossed by the fine spiral sculpture. The coloration is whitish with the base light brown, a bioad, darker, reddish-brown band on the body-whorl proceeds from the lower suture, and the fasciole is similarly coloured. Spire-whorls with an indistinct upper sutural light- brown band, leaving a broad median whitish band below it. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities. Iseai Noith Cape in 11-20 fathoms (Holotype) ; Cape Maria van Diemen (Finlay collection). Neoguraleus manukauensis n. sp. PL 6, fig. 4. This is the most distinctive species of the group. It is related to murdochi, having a similai dull colour pattern and the spiral sculpture crossing the axials. Shell fusiform with narrow base. Spire same height as aperture. Axials strong, blunt, distant, strongly arcuated by sinus, nine on penultimate, eight on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture as in murdochi, consisting of close, crisp threads, which cross the axials. About 12 weak linear¬ spaced spiral cords on neck and fasciole. Colour dull brown to leaden, with a single moderately broad white band on lower half of whorls. Sinus subsutural, slightly deeper than is usual in genus. Canal moderate, long, open. Height, 12.5 mm.; diameter, 5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum. Localities: Hillsborough, foreshore near Onehunga, Manukau Harbour (Mrs. M. E. Fair- field, Holotype) ; Orua Bay, Manukau Harbour. Neoguraleus oruaensis n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 7. This and the following species are related, and form a sub-group characterised by having the spiral sculpture in one even series without the addition of spaced stronger members. Also the spiral sculpture does not cross the axials. Spire slightly higher than aperture. Whorls moderately convex with a weakly concave shoulder. Axials broadly rounded, very closely spaced, 22 on penultimate and 25 on body-whorl. Spiral cords weak, showing only in the narrow intercostal spaces and on the base. Neck and fasciole sculp¬ tured with ten weak linear-spaced spiral cords. Colour buff, with an indistinct light brown narrow upper sutural band, and a broad one over body-whorl extending from lower suture. Fasciole similarly coloured. The colour bands are not interrupted by the axials. Height, 9.7 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Locality: Orua Bay, Manukau Harbour. Neoguraleus finlayi n. sp. PI. 6, fig. 8. 1900 ClathurcUa sinclairi : Murdoch (non Gillies 1882 or Smith 1884). Trans. N.Z. Inst... vol. 32, p. 218, PI. 20, fig. 7. Blue-clay cliffs west of Wanganui Heads — Castlecliff (Upper Pliocene). Spire 1^ times height of aperture, outlines flatly convex, shoulder narrow and flat¬ tened, producing a slightly tabulated effect. Axials strong, bluntly rounded, vertical, 14 137 on penultimate, 15 on body-whorl. Spirals stronger than in oruaensis. moderately wide and flat, with linear interspaces and confined to intercostal spaces. Spirals on base and neck coarse, those on fasciole much finer and closer spaced. Sinus subsutural, shallow. Canal moderately long. Colour drab, as all material consists of dead shells; one, however, shows traces of banding identical with that of oruaensis. Height, 10.25 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Castlecliff, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene; Dunedin Harbour (Holo¬ type) ; Purau Bay, Lyttelton (dredged). A solitary specimen in the N.Z. Geological Survey Collection from Waikopiro Creek, S.E. of Ormondville, Petane Beds, Hawke’s Bay, has finer spirals, but more material is required to decide its exact status. 2. lyallensis line. Neoguraleus morgani (Marwick, 1924). 1924 Mangilia morgani Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 201, PI. 17, f. 14. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1063, shell-bed, Okawa Creek, Ngaruroro River, Hawke’s Bay. Mid-Pliocene (Nukumaruan). Neoguraleus lyallensis (Murdoch, 1905). 1905 Drillia lyallensis Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, p. 221, PI. 7, fig. 7. 1913 Drillia (Cymatosyrinx) lyallensis : Snter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 482. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: Lyall Bay, Wellington (Holotype) ; Stewart Island; Waikouaiti; Dunedin Har¬ bour ; Opotiki, Bay of Plenty. Neoguraleus tenebrosus (Powell, 1926). 1926 Guraleus tenebrosus Powell, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. 17, p. 37, text fig. Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Localities: Taupo Bay, Whangaroa (Holotype); Cape Maria van Diemen; Devonport, Auckland. 3. amoenus line. Neoguraleus ngatuturaensis (Bartrum & Powell, 1928). 1928 Guraleus ngatuturaensis Bartrum & Powell, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 59, p 151 PI 28 figs 34. 35. Holotype in Auckland University College. Locality: Kaawa Creek, S. of Port Waikato (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Neoguraleus waihuaensis n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 11. Species resembling amoenus, but with medially distinctly angulate whorls and a much nanowei body-whorl. Spire 1.3 times heght of aperture. Axials narrowly rounded, 15-16 pei whorl, subobsolete on shoulder and not extending below lower suture. Primary spiral cords weak, two on spire whorls, uppermost at angle and a third emergent from suture on body-whorl; below this there are eight on the base. There is a weak thread in each of the interspaces except on the lower part of the base. The shoulder bears from 4-6 fine crisp spiral threads. Height, 6.4 mm.; diameter, 2.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality : N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560, Waihua River. J mile upstream from Ngamahanga Stream, Wairoa Subdivision (Waitotaran) Lower Pliocene. 138 Neoguraleus protensus (Hutton, 1885). 1885 Daphnella protensa Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. 17, p. 317. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: Petane Hawke’s Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Neoguraleus amoenus (Smith, 1884). 1884 Drillia ? amoena Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vol. 14, p. 318. 1913 Mangilia protensa : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 502, Atlas of Plates (1915) PI. 22, f. 5. Non protensa Hutton 1885. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Localities: Castlecliff, Wanganui (Castlediffian) Upper Pliocene. Recent, New Zealand (Type, Smith) ; Auckland Harbour; Mount Maunganui, Tauranga; S. of Tiri Tiri Id., Hauraki Gulf (dredged) ; 25 fath. Hen and Chickens Is.; 23 fath. off Ahipara. 4. lineatus. Neoguraleus lineatus (Marwick, 1928). 1928 Guraleus lineatus Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, pp. 491, 506, f. 139. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Flower Pot Harbour, Pitt Island, Chatham Islands (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. The unique holotype is not fully grown, so the protoconch appears abnormally large. The reticulated nuclear sculpture, however, is as in Neoguraleus, although the shell facies suggests Anacithara. Subgenus Fusiguraleus n. subgen. Type: Clathiirella leptosonia Hutton (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. A large series of New Zealand Middle Tertiary shells are closely related to true Neoguraleus, having the protoconch practically identical, but showing some divergence in adult sculpture and shape, so that five well marked minor groups can be recognised. All these lines, however, have one adult shell feature in common, grouping them and at the same time differentiating them from Neoguraleus typical. This feature is the beak, which is much longer and more tapered, with the pillar either weakly flexuous or gradually twisted at most, and this invariably high up; never with the sudden twist, low down near the termination of an invariably short beak, as in Neoguraleus typical. The subgenus ranges from the Hutchinsonian to the Waitotaran, but only the one species, sat a (Laws 1936) of the leptosonia series, is known to have survived the Awamoan. Key to Species of Fusiguraleus. 1. Shell elongate-fusiform, with rounded or weakly shouldered whorls and excavated base. Spiral sculpture fine, weak or subobsolete. Axials broadly rounded, strong. Shell large for group (15-16 mm.). Axials 11-12 per whorl . *major n. sp. (11 mm.). Axials 9 per whorl ...* flexicostatus n. sp. Shell much smaller (5-6 mm.). Axials 10-8 per whorl.* platycostatus n. sp. Spiral sculpture stronger, dense and crisp, often granulated by weak axial growth striae. Shell of moderate size (7-9 mm.). Axials 7 per whorl . * raricostatus n. sp. Axials 8 per whorl . *laivsi n. sp. Axials 9 per whorl . *porrcctus n. sp. Shell smaller (6-6.5 mm.), shorter spired. Axials 11 per whorl. Greatest whorl convexity above middle . *mancus n. sp. Axials 10 per whorl. Greatest whorl convexity at middle . * nutans n. sp. 139 2. Shell broadly fusiform, strongly angulate at shoulder; of Cytharoid style (4.7-5.8 mm.). Spiral sculpture moderate. Axials broadly rounded, strong. Axials 10 per whorl . *rigidus n. sp. Axials 12 per whorl . *marwicki n. sp. 3. Shell small, narrowly fusiform, with 2-3 spiral keels bunched together at periphery. Base slowly tapered (4.5-6.5 mm.). Two spiral keels on spire whorls. Axials broad, strong, and persistent over body-whorl, 9 per whorl .... *granulatus n. sp. Axials thin and weak, subobsolete on body-whorl, 13 on penultimate .. *angustatas n. sp. Axials distant, 7 per whorl . exsculptus n. sp. Axials developed into vertically compressed nodules on keels .... *leptosomus (Hutton) Three spiral keels on spire whorls. Axials subobsolete on body-whorl, 12 on penultimate . *subobsolctns n. sp. Axials strong, rather distant, persistent, 12 per whorl. *satus (Laws) 4. Shell elongate fusiform with evenly convex whorls. Spirals in one even series. No primaries. Axials 16-17 on penultimate—27 on body-whorl . *gracilentus n. sp. Axials 15 on penultimate—19 on body-whorl . *sutherlandicus n. sp. SERIES 1. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) nutans n. sp. PL 7, fig. 10. Shell rather small, fusiform, but broad and squat. Whorls vertically compressed, not angled, but with greatest convexity at middle and flattened above as a broad sloping shoulder. Axials strong, but fading out towards upper suture and over base. Whorls 7, including typical piotoconch. Spiral sculpture of three closely spaced, inconspicuous, tounded spiial cords, on spire whorls, uppermost just below middle, ten on base and neck, upper three wide spaced, lower seven linear spaced. About ten weak spirals on fasciole. which is differentiated only by the change in relative strengths of the spirals. Spire same height as aperture. Apertural details similar to last species. Height, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) mancus n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 9. Shell rather small, fusiform, but rather broad and squat. Whorls not angled, but the gieatest convexity is just above the middle. Axials strong but rather narrowly rounded, vertical, not reaching neck. Whorls 6, including typical protoconch. Spiral sculpture of dense, fine threads, minutely granulated by fine axial striae, and with four stronger, narrow, primary cords on spire whorls, uppermost just above middle. Spirals on neck and fasciole fine, weak and undifferentiated. Spire about same heig’ht as aperture plus canal. Aperture broadly open above, but rapidly constricted below. Sinus broad and shallow, subsutural. Height, 6.2 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. SERIES 2. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) platycostatus n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 9. Shell rather small narrowly ovoid-fusiform, with a weak but distinct shoulder at upper three fourths. Axials very strong, vertical, blunt, broadly rounded, fading out rapidly on base, ten on penultimate, but only eight on body-whorl. Whorls flattened medially, base very slightly contracted, neck thick, merged into fasciole. Spire taller than aperture plus canal. Whorls 7, including protoconch. Spiral sculpture of weak, 140 rounded cords, becoming stronger and linear-spaced on neck and fasciole. Sinus broad and moderately deep, subsutural, occupying shoulder. Aperture narrow, very little con¬ tracted. Outer lip strengthened by a weak varix. Height, 5.9 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) major n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 3. Shell very large for the genus, elongate-fusiform, with a very slight shoulder at upper three fourths. Axials strong, broadly rounded, slightly oblique, sinuated on the shoulder in conformity with the sinus, continued strongly over base but not reaching fasciole; they number 12 on the penultimate and 11 on the body-whorl. The spiral sculpture is obsolete, except for a few indistinct threads on the neck and fasciole. Spire tall, attenu¬ ated, one and a third times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 9, including proto¬ conch. Aperture, canal, sinus and protoconch all typical. Height, 15.6 mm.; diameter, 5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Ardgowan (type) and Target Gully, Oamaru. (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) flexicostatus n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 5. Shell large for the genus, elongate-fusiform, with a distinct shoulder angle at the upper three fourths. Axials strong, broadly-rounded, decidedly oblique and somewhat flexuous, especially on the shoulder, where they follow the curve of the rather deep, rounded sinus; continued strongly over base but not reaching fasciole; they number 9 on the penultimate and the same on the body-whorl. The spiral sculpture is subobsolete, three very weak primary cords showing on spire whorls, and about five indistinct prim¬ aries and some intermediates on the base. There are eleven more distinct spiral cords on the neck and fasciole. Spire same height as aperture plus canal . Whorls 8, including typical protoconch. Apertural characters typical. Height, 11.1 mm.; diameter, 4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pareora River (type), and Blue Cliffs, S. Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Mio¬ cene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) raricostatus n. sp. PL 8, fig. 8. Shell of moderate size, elongate-fusiform, distinctly shouldered at upper two-thirds, whorls lightly convex below shoulder. Axials bluntly rounded, sparse, slightly flexuous, fading out on body-whorl at neck, and giving an octagonal appearance to the shell. There are seven axials on the body-whorl. Apart from the protoconch, the whole shell is crossed by close, rounded, but crisp spiral cords, four slightly stronger ones forming the primaries on the spire whorls, uppermost at shoulder angle. The spirals are worn from the crests of the axials, but normally they cross these undiminished. The fasciole is bounded above by a slight ridge. Whorls 7, including typical protoconch. Sinus broad and moderately deep, subsutural, occupying shoulder. Aperture narrow, constricted below to a long, slightly flexuous canal. Spire taller than apeituie plus canal. The finei spiral sculpture is rendered minutely granulate by close, fine axial striae. Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 141 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) porrectus n. sp. PL 7, fig. 11. Shell of moderate size, elongate-fusiform, scarcely subangled medially. Axials strong, narrowly rounded, vertical, weak towards upper suture, and fading out on base before reaching neck; nine on body-whorl. Whorls strongly convex, 7, including typical protoconch. Apart from the protoconch the whole shell is crossed by fine crisp spiral cords with four stronger primaries on spire whorls, uppermost above the periphery. The spirals on the canal and fasciole are moderately strong also, and linear spaced. Fasciole not defined by a ridge. Sinus and apertural details normal, as last species. Spire taller than aperture plus canal. The finer spiral sculpture is rendered minutely granulate by close, fine axial striae. Height, 7.8 mm.; diameter, 2.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) lawsi n. sp. P1.7, fig. 8. Shell of moderate size, elongate-fusiform, whorls very slightly shouldered above the middle. Axials very strong, and broadly rounded medially, but fading out towards upper suture, weak on base, and not reaching neck; eight on body-whorl. Whorls strongly convex, 8, including typical protoconch. Shell crossed by exceedingly fine and close spiral threads, and three stronger, but indistinct primary cords on spiral whorls, upper¬ most just above middle. Spirals on neck and fasciole linear spaced, weak, and indistinct. Fasciole undifferentiated. Sinus broad, weak, subsutural. Apertural details normal. Height, 9 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. SERIES 3. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) rigidus n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 6. Shell small, fusiform, spire slightly vertically compressed, less than height of aper¬ ture plus canal. Whorls strongly convex, and angled above middle. Axials heavy, broadly rounded, not reaching fasciole, ten on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of one main moderately strong cord at angle, a weaker one below it, a third at lower suture, and another on base, as well as very fine close-spaced subsidiary threads over the whole shell; fasciole undifferentiated. Whorls 6, including typical protoconch. Aper¬ ture rather broadly open above, but constricted below to a narrowly open, slightly curved canal. Height, 4.7 mm.; diameter, 2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) marwicki n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 7. Shell small, very similar to rigidus in shape and sculpture, except that it is slightly larger and wider, with more numerous, more narrowly rounded axials, which extend lower- on the base but do not reach the fasciole. The axials number twelve on the body-whorl. Shoulder angle, spiral sculpture, and apertural details similar to those of rigidus. Whorls 6^, including typical protoconch. Spire same height as aperture plus canal. Both this and the above species resemble a Cytharid in build and sculpture, but neither in the aperture nor in the apex. Height, 5.8 mm.; diameter, 2.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (7a) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. 142 SERIES 4. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) exsculptus n. sp. PL 8. fig. 10, Shell small, biconic-fusiform rather broad medially. Whorls sharply angled just below middle. Axials distant, strong, broadly rounded, spinose at angle; seven on body-whorl; weak towards upper suture and on base. Spiral sculpture of two closely-spaced strong cords on spire whorls, uppermost at angle, a third at lower suture on body-whorl, and about ten on the base, as well as subsidiary spiral threads on shoulder, interstices of main cords and on fasciole. Whorls 5J, including typical protoconch. Aperture and sinus normal. Spire a little less than height of aperture plus canal. Height, 4.5 mm.; diameter, 2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. A much larger single specimen from N.Z. G.S. loc. 1560, Waihua River, Wairoa Sub¬ division (Waitotaran) bears striking resemblance to exsculptus. It would appear, however, that the lower Pliocene shell is separable by having 8 axials per whorl and a longer ex¬ tension of these axials over the base. More material of both exsculptus and this assumed new species is required to determine the exact status of the latter. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) granulatus n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 2, Shell small, narrowly biconic fusiform, moderately angled medially. Axials broad, fold¬ like, strong medially, but weak at upper suture and on base; nine on penultimate. Spiral sculpture of two primary cords crossing the axials on spire whorls, uppermost at angle, about five somewhat weaker ones spaced on upper part of base, and a number of linear spaced cords on neck and fasciole. In addition, there are close-spaced subsidiary spiral threads over all post-nuclear whorls, and these are rendered granulose by fine, dense, axial threads. The peripheral cord becomes weakly spinose where it crosses the axials. Whorls 6^, including typical protoconch. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Aperture narrow, elongate. Height, 5.05 mm.; diameter, 1.9 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden 6a, Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) subobsoletus n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 1. Shell rather small, elongate-fusiform, with a moderate angle at upper two-thirds on early whorls, but slightly lower on body-whorl. Axial sculpture weak and subobsolete on body-whorl; twelve axials on penultimate. Spiral sculpture of weak but distinct rounded cords, and subsidiary threads on shoulder, and between cords. Three primary cords on spire whorls, uppermost at angle, lowest at, or just above, suture. On the base and neck there are twelve cords, the upper ones wider spaced, with a single thread in each interspace, and the fasciole bears indistinct threads. Spire shorter than aperture plus canal Aperture long and narrow, with a broad, model ate, subsutuial sinus, and pio- duced below into a characteristic, rather long canal, slightly rounded at the tip. Whorls 7, including typical polygyrate protoconch of four whorls. Height, 6.4 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Target Gully (Type) and Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Mio¬ cene. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) angustatus n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 11. Shell small narrowly-biconic, fusiform, weakly angled just below the middle. Spiral sculpture more prominent than axial, consisting of two primary, narrow, sharply raised 143 cords on the spire whorls, close together, one at the angle and the other about half way towards the lower suture, a third at lower suture on body-whorl, followed by about 23 over the base, neck, and ill-defined fasciole: those on the base alternating in relative strength, but even and linear spaced over the neck and fasciole. The suture is submar¬ gined by a narrow bevelled ridge, and the shoulder bears five fine threads, the lowest somewhat stronger. The thin weak axials become subobsolete on the body whorl and throughout are rendered weakly gemmulate where crossed by the spiral cords; they num¬ ber thirteen on penultimate. Spire shorter than aperture plus canal. Aperture narrow, with subparallel sides, having a broad, moderate subsutural sinus, and produced below into a long straight canal. Whorls 6, including typical protoconch. Height, 4.7 mm.; diameter, 1.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden, 8a, Southland (Awamoan). Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) leptosomus (Hutton, 1885). PI. 7, fig. 4. 1885 Clathurella leptosoma Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 328. 1915 Mangilia leptosoma Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 3 , p, 40. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: White Rock River, Canterbury (type) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The figured specimen is one of Hutton’s six paratypes. These differ slightly from normal topotypes in having the keels rather stronger and more thickened where they cross the axials. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) satus (Laws, 1936). 1936 “Liracraca” sata Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 66 , p. 119, Pi. 17 , f. 77 . Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: Kaawa Creek (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. This is the highest stage reached by the subgenus, after which it seems to have become extinct. The species satus represents the termination of the following line exsculptus, granulatus (Hutchinsonian) angustatus, leptosomus, subobsoletus (Awamoan), and satus (Opoitian). SERIES 5. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) gracilentus (Suter, 1917). 1917 Mangilia gracilenta Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5 , p. 56, PI. 6 , f. 19. Locality: White Rock River, Canterbury (type) (Awamoan). This species stands apart in having the whorls lightly and evenly convex, sculptured with numerous thin axials, almost twice the number on body-whorl as on earlier whorls, and with regular linear spirals in the interstices. From the protoconch and rather long- anterior canal, however, its relationship seems to be with Fusiguraleus, Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) sutherlandicus n. sp. PL 9, fig. 11. . She11 of moderate size, allied to gracilentus, but more elongate-fusiform, with similar spiral sculpture in one even series without primaries, but the whorls have a slight supra- median subangulation, and the numerical increase of the axials on the body whorl is not so disproportionate. In gracilentus the axials increase from 16-17 on the penultimate to 27 on the body-whorl. In sutherlandicus they are 13 on antepenultimate, 15 on penultimate 144 and 19 on bodv-whorl. Spire same height as aperture. The axials are weak, narrowly- rounded, and fade out just below the periphery on the body-whorl. Neck, fasciole, and canal longer than in gracileutus. Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotvpe). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection). Locality: Sutherland’s, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Genus Yexiguraleus n. gen. Type: /’. clifdenetisis n. 8p. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. From three horizons in the Hutchinsonian at Clifden, Southland, occurs a Xeogu- raleus-Y\kc shell, but with a discrepant apex. Whereas true X eoguralcus and the subgenus / ; usiguralcus have a 4-whorled polvgyrate protoconch with the tip, one to one and a half whorls smooth, the remainder fenestrate; that of yexiguraleus has the smooth tip minute, of 1.J whorls also, but this is followed not by a fenestrate stage, but by two glossy whorls, with numerous narrow but distinct curved axial riblets, which are concave in front. Only on the last 1 to \ whorl do four extremely weak narrow spirals occur, and by this stage the axials have become more distant and broader, but no stronger. There is a slight terminal varix, after which the incipient spirals of the last half whorl of the protoconch develop into the usual sculpture of the group, consisting of broadly rounded axials crossed by a few primary spirals with secondary intermediates. The protoconch as a whole is dome-shaped, of four whorls with the minute tip central and helicoid. The pillar is as in 1 : usiguralcus, but the canal is of moderate length only, and not suddenly twisted as in the Recent-Pliocene Xcoguralcus. I cxiguralcus appears to represent a line directly ancestral to Fusiguralcus and possibly a development from a smooth apiced fore¬ runner, connecting with true Guralcus. which is so well represented, Tertiary and Recent, in Australia, but not so far discovered in New Zealand. Sculptural progress of the Vcxiguralcus apex by the development of axials and the spirals, already represented faintly on the last half-whorl, would appear then to leave no point of distinction between that genus and Fusiguralcus. However, no such transition is known to occur, so lexigu - ralcus must be regarded as distinct from the long lines of fenestrate apiced 1Fusiguralcus) and Xcoguralcus (s. str.). Even with the hypothetical fenestration of the yexiguraleus nucleus by the development of spirals, the axials also, would have to lose their forward concave trend and become upright and stronger, before identity could be claimed. Yexiguraleus clifdenensis n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 2. Shell small, fusiform, whorls slightly angled at upper two thirds, 6, including 4-whorled protoconch as described above (holotype not fully grown). Spire less than height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear sculpture of strong, broadly rounded, arcuate axials, extending over base to neck; on the shoulder they are much weaker, narrower, and shallowly concave, following the sinus outline. The axials number twelve on the last whorl. Three primary spirals on spire whorls, uppermost at angle, a fourth just below lower suture on body-whorl, but none much stronger than the linear-spaced secondary spirals, which are strongest on the body-whorl and neck, but again become weak towards the end of the canal. Fasciole not defined. The shoulder has subobsolete fine spirals, too indistinct to be counted. Aperture narrow, canal moderately long. Outer lip not mature in holotype, but evidently simple and not thickened. Height, 5.2 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (6b, type) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. There is a closely allied species with identical apex from Clifden (7a) and (7c) (Awa¬ moan) but the material is not good enough tor description. 145 Genus Antiguraleus n. gen. Type: A. otagocnsis n. sp. Recent, N.Z. This is another deceptive group, having the same general form and subsutural weak sinus, occupying the shoulder, as in both Guraleus and Neoguraleus, but an entirely different style of nucleus. The protoconch is paucispiral, asymmetrical, of 1| whorls, papillate, the tip adpressed and not well marked, but thence suddenly and rapidly in¬ flated ; more bulging on one side; everywhere smooth and glossy; no brephic stage. The range is (Urenuian) Upper Miocene to Recent, the majority of the species being Recent, all from moderately deep water. So far as is known, the genus is restricted to New Zealand, but there is an allied new genus in the Australian Tertiary. Key to Species of Antiguraleus. A. Whorls sharply angled. Angle median. Axials 13 per whorl . Axials 16 per whorl . Angle just above middle. Axials 14-15 per whorl, weak, lamellate . Angle at two thirds whorl height. Axials 12-14 per whorl, very broad . Axials 14-15 per whorl, very narrow. Angle at three-fourths whorl height. Axials 9-11 per whorl, very broad . B. Whorls slightly angled. Two primary spirals on spire whorls. Axials 9 per whorl . Axials 12 per whorl . Three primary spirals on spire whorls. Axials 16 per whorl . C. Whorls rounded. Base gradually contracted. Axials 13 per whorl. Primary spirals 3-4 on spire whorls . Axials 14-16 per whorl. Primary spirals 3 on spire whorls . . otagoensis n. sp. . nturn!us (Suter) • • • ■ murrheus (Webster) *taranakiensis (Marwick). . *deceptns n. sp. • • • • *abnormis (Hutton) . injandus (Webster) . subtruncatus n. sp. . fenestratns n. sp. rossianus n. sp. • pedicus n. sp. Antiguraleus taranakiensis (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Mangilia taranakiensis Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 325, PI. 74 , fig. 5 . Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1134, Papatiki Stream, North Taranaki (Urenuian) Upper Mio¬ cene. Antiguraleus abnormis (Hutton, 1885). PI. 8, fig. 2. 1885 Clathurella abnormis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 316. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: Petane, Hawke's Bay (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Antiguraleus deceptus n. sp. PL 8, fig. 7. Shell small, fusiform, comparatively broad; whorls sharply angled and keeled at upper two thirds. Spire a little taller than aperture plus canal. Base quickly contracted, canal moderately long, broadly open. Whorls 5*, including protoconch, which is rather narrower and taller than m typical species. Axials rather narrow, fairly prominent, 14 : 15 per wkorl and weakl y Persistent over base. Spiral sculpture of narrow, rounded pnmaiy coids and subsidiary fine threads, both series crossing the axials. Six fine threads on the slightly concave shoulder, and four equispaced primary cords on spire 146 whorls; lowest just half emergent at suture. Four additional wide spaced spirals on the base, and below, 15 weaker linear-spaced, rounded, spiral threads on the neck and fasciole. The primary spirals have a subsidiary spiral thread in each interspace. Height, 6.1 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Petane, Hawke’s Bay; Devil’s Elbow, Napier-Wairoa Road (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Antiguraleus mundus (Suter, 1909). 1909 .Mangilia munda Suter. 1909, Rec. Cant. Mu*., vol. 1, no. 2. p. 129. PI. 12, flg. 6. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Locality: 20 miles N.E. of Flat Point in 105 fathoms, North Id. Antiguraleus murrheus (Webster, 1906). 1906 Mangilia murrhea Webster, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 305, PI. 38, flas. 1 , la. Locality: 110 fathoms ofT Great Barrier Id. The tip of the canal is missing in Webster’s holotype; a topotype shows the canal to be slightly longer. Antiguraleus infandus (Webster, 1906). 1906 .Mangilia infanda Webster, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 305, PI. 38, f. 3. Holotype in Dominion Museum Wellington. Locality: 110 fathoms off Great Barrier Island. The type is worn, with the initial whorl of the protoconch missing and the outer lip broken away. Webster (l.c.) described the protoconch (evidently from other material) as of “about one whorl and a half.” The sinus, as shown by earlier growth stages in the holotype, is shallow and concave, occupying the shoulder. These two features, as well as the general facies of the shell, have decided its reference here to Antiguraleus. Antiguraleus subtruncatus n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 1. Shell small, white, fusiform, weakly angled above the middle of the whorls. Spire 1} times height of aperture plus canal. Base very quickly contracted, canal short, broadly open. Whorls 51, including protoconch. Axials bluntly rounded, with subequal inter¬ spaces. 12 per whorl. Spiral sculpture fine and crisp, crossing axials. Two main spirals on upper whorls, increased by intermediates to four by penultimate; a further five wide spaced spirals on the base, and finally, about eight fine, rather indistinct, linear-spaced spiral threads on the fasciole. Height, 6.8 mm.; diameter, 3.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 50 fathoms off Oamaru. Antiguraleus otagoensis n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 4. Shell small, white fusiform, sharply carinated about middle of whorls. Spire same height as aperture plus canal. Base fairly quickly but regularly contracted, canal moder¬ ately long, broadly open. Whorls 5J, including protoconch. Axials rather narrowly rounded, distant, persistent, but weaker over base, 13 per whorl. Spiral sculpture crisp, moderately strong, crossing the axials, developed below the keel and on the base. Above the keel the shoulder bears six fine spiral threads. Below, including the one forming the 147 keel there are three main spiral flat-topped cords on the spire whorls. On the base there are seven wider spaced, primary cords, and finally seven much finer linear-spaced spiral threads on the fasciole. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 3 mm.; (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 50 fathoms off Oarnaru. Antiguraleus fenestratus n. sp. Pi. 8, fig. 6. Shell small, buff, fusiform, weakly subangled just above the middle of whorls. Spire lv, times height of aperture plus canal. Base quickly contracted, canal rather shoit, broadly open. Whorls 5^, including protoconch. Sculptuie fenestiate. Axials lathei thin, 16 per whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting ot from two to fom fine thieads on the shoulder of spire whorls, and three moderately strong, sharply raised cords, from the angle downwards, and about thirteen on the base, undifferentiated over neck and fasciole, except that they become regularly weaker and more closely spaced below. Height, 5.4 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 60 fathoms off Poor Knights Islands. Antiguraleus rossianus n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 3. Shell small, white, narrowly fusiform, whorls rounded. Spire tall, 1.6 times height of aperture plus canal. Base gradually contracted, canal moderate, obliquely flexed. Whorls 41, including a typical, but disproportionately large and more bulbous proto¬ conch of 11 whorls. Sculpture fenestrate, axials thin, 13 per whorl, obsolete over base. Seven, spaced, flat-topped, sharply raised, spiral cords on spire whorls; three of moderate strength above the middle and four stronger ones below. On the base there are eight weak, close-spaced spirals on the neck and fasciole. Height, 4.3 mm.; diameter, 1.8 mm. (Holotype). ' Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 95 fathoms off Auckland Islands. Antiguraleus pedicus n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 5. Shell small, white, narrowly fusiform, whorls rounded. Spire 1.15 times height of aperture plus canal. Base very gradually contracted. Canal moderately long, broadly open. Whorls 5, including protoconch . Sculpture weak, axials stronger than spirals. Axials 14-16 per whorl, narrowly rounded. Four regular, close-spaced, weak spirals above the middle on spire whorls and 3 stronger spaced spirals below; on the base there are six, spaced, spiral cords, merging below with about 12 linear-spaced threads which become indistinct over the fasciole. Fine linear-spaced spiral threads occupy the spaces between the primary cords. Height, 5.7 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: 50 fathoms off Snares Islands (Holotype) ; 50 fathoms 10 miles E.N.E. of Otago Heads. Genus Liracraea Odhner, 1924. Type (o.d.): Clathurclla cpentroma Murdoch, Recent, N.Z. These are narrow Guraleus-like shells with attenuate spire, truncated anterior canal, broad shallow sinus on the shoulder and a most distinctive protoconch which is moder¬ ately large, paucispiral, loosely coiled, and sculptured with a few strong spiral keels. The genus is known only from New Zealand; Nukumaruan (mid-Pliocene) to Recent. 148 Key to Species of Liracraea. A. Shell narrow. Primary spirals 3 per whorl. Whorls very slender and loosely coiled. Axials 9 on body-whorl. subantarctica n. sp. Whorls narrow but compact. Axials 15-16 on body-whorl . epentroma (Murdoch) Primary spirals 4 per whorl. Axials 12 on body-whorl. Keels on protoconch less prominent, tip papillate .. otakauica n. sp. B. Shell wider; whorls angulate. Primary spirals 3 per whorl. Axials 14 on body-whorl, broadly rounded . whangaroaensis (Murdoch) Axials 11-12 on body-whorl, narrow and sharp . *dictyota (Hutton) Primary spirals 2 per whorl. Axials 14 on body-whorl, broadly rounded, shell relatively large; pale buff, pillar stained with purplish-brown . odhneri n. sp. Axials 13 on body-whorl, strong. Spire short . titirangiensis (Marwick) Liracraea epentroma (Murdoch, 1905). 1905 Clathurella epentroma Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 37, p. 219, PI. 7, figs. 3, 4. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities: Whangaroa Harbour (type) ; Bluff; Paterson Inlet, 13 fath., Stewart Island; 60 fath. off Otago Heads. Liracraea otakauica n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 5. Shell of similar shape and appearance to epentroma, but larger, pure white, with four primary spiral ribs, and modifications in the details of the protoconch. The latter is paucispiral and similarly shaped, but the four spiral cords are weaker and rather late in developing, so that the initial whorl is rounded and papillate, not tabulated. Spire almost l-i- times height of aperture. Axials broadly rounded and strong, 12 on the body-whorl. Four primary spirals on spire whorls and close-spaced, moderately strong, subsidiary spirals in the interspaces. The four spirals result from the strengthening of an inter¬ mediate between the uppermost spiral and spiral 2, and another between 2 and the lower suture. No. 3 is immersed by the succeeding whorl. Height, 7.8 mm.; diameter, 2.75 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: 60 fathoms off Otago Heads. Liracraea subantarctica n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 6. Differs from all other species of the genus in being extremely narrow, elongated and loosely wound; axials more distant, stronger; primary spirals strong, and subsidiary spiral striae weak. Whorls six, including a typical paucispiral protoconch, sculptured with three strong spiral keels. Spire U times height of aperture. Anterior canal short, broad ,shallowly notched. Aperture ovate. Post-nucleai sculpture of bioadlj lounded, rather distant, strong axials reaching from suture to suture, nine on body-whorl. Prim¬ ary spirals strong, but weaker than axials, which they cioss, causing weak nodulation. Three primary spirals per whorl, uppermost just below uppei two-thirds, lowest just above lower suture. Three distant main spirals on base. Subsidiary sculpture consist¬ ing of fine close-spaced spiral striae. Colour light reddish-brown. Height, 7.1 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Localities: Bounty Islands in 50 fathoms (type) ; Faith Harbour, Auckland Islands. 149 Liracraea titirangiensis Marwick, 1928. 1928 Liracraea titirangiensis Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 58, pp. 491, 506, f. 137. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Titirangi, Chatham Islands (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Liracraea whangaroaensis (Murdoch, 1905). 1905 Clathurella efentroma whangaroaensis Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 37, p. 219, PI. 7, t. 5 Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: Whangaroa Harbour (type); 40 fath. E. of Papanui Inlet, Otago. Liracraea dictyota (Hutton, 1885). 1885 Clathurella dictyota Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 316, PI. 18, f. 8. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. . . TT . , Localities: Petane (type) and Inner Harbour, Napier (sands above blue clay), Hawke s Bay; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1184, Nukumaru (Nukumaruan) Middle Pliocene. Liracraea odhneri n. sp. PI. 5, fig 1 . 4. This, the largest species of the genus so far known, is the Recent descendant of the mid-Pliocene dictyota. That species has narrow, sharply raised spirals and axials, pro¬ ducing an open fenestrate effect. The Recent species is wider, with the axials more bluntly rounded, 12 on the body-whorl, and the primary spirals reduced to two, the third being immersed by the succeeding whorl. Secondary spirals close-spaced, fine but dis¬ tinct. Colour pale-buff. Pillar and fasciole tinged with purplish-brown, and two similarly coloured faint bands within the aperture. Height, 7.8 mm.; diameter, 3.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. Localities: Tryphena Bay, 6 fath., Great Barrier Id. (type) ; Foveaux Strait, 15 fath., Lyall Bay, Wellington. Genus Etrema Hedley, 1918. Type (o.d.): Mangilia (Glyphostoma) aliciae Melvill & Standen. Recent, Loyalty Is. Etrema is a widely distributed Indo-Pacific genus occurring also in the Upper Ter¬ tiary of Victoria and South Australia. It is distantly allied to the West Indian Miocene- Recent Glyphostoma and more closely to Etremopsis , a new genus described herein for a series of New Zealand Tertiary species. The Austro-Pacific Lienardia , Thetidos and Acrista are related also. The differentiation of these genera is expressed by the key on page 35, Etrema being readily distinguished from Etremopsis by its fewer whorled protoconch, and the addition of columellar denticles as well as those on the inside of the labial varix. Etrema is represented in the New Zealand Tertiary by a new species from Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian). Mangilia hedleyi Oliver, 1915. 10-30 metres, Sunday Id., Kermadec Is., is an Etrema also, but Glyphostoma roseocincta Oliver from the same location is a Lienardia. Etrema kaipara n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 3. Shell of moderate size, fusiform. Spire slightly taller than height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 44, exclusive of protoconch, which is incomplete, but evidently of about three smooth whorls, the last keeled. Whorls angled above middle, more strongly on body-whorl. Base quickly contracted to a long straight neck. Axials broadly rounded, slightly oblique, extending from upper suture to neck, 13 on body-whorl. Spire whorls 150 with two pi irnai y shaiply raised spiral cords and three secondary ones, one above upper primary, one between the primaries, and the third just above lower suture. Four weak spix al thieads on shoulder. On the body-whorl, base and neck, there are 22 spirals, closei spaced on neck but relatively strong. Aperture narrow, oblique. Outer lip heavily vaiiced but thin on the inner edge. Sinus occupying shoulder, deep and rounded, rendered subtubular by a thick entering parietal callosity, bearing a strong tubercle. Columella with four rather distant strong tubercles. Inner edge of outer lip bearing six tubercles ai ranged in pairs on three prominently raised callus patches. Anterior canal moderately long, narrow and slightly oblique. Height, 6.7 mm.; diameter, 3 mm. Holotype and damaged pardtype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Etremopsis n. gen. Type: Drillia imperfecta Suter, 1917 (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. N.Z. This is a New Zealand lower Tertiary group closely resembling Etrema in adult fea¬ tures, but with a polygyrate 6-whorled protoconch, as compared with only 2J-3J whorls in Etrema. The protoconch in Etrema has a small smooth helicoid tip of 11 whorls, followed by 1 to 2 whorls with a sharp peripheral keel. In Etremopsis the protoconch is sharply coni¬ cal, the first four whorls smooth, with convex sides, the tip minutely globular and ad- pressed; all remaining whorls with a very sharp and strong medial carina. A sharp thread margins the lower suture on all whorls. Shoulder glossy, appearing smooth, but actually minutely punctate. All whorls with dense vertical hair-threads between keel and lower suture, but subobsolete on last whorl. Last half-whorl with prominent axial sculpture also, beginning as fine, very distant, beautifully curved sharp ridges extending from upper suture to shoulder, serrating keel but not at first extending below it; after £ whorl they rather suddenly slant more obliquely forward and reach almost to the lower suture, but leave a small, smooth, concave space just above the sutural thread; at the same time a second much weaker keel develops just below the peripheral one. At the termination of the protoconch, marked by the sudden cessation of the sutural thread, there is a { whorl of brephic stage in which the axials become stouter and the lower keel grows to greater prominence that the peripheral one. The adult shell is almost identical with Etrema , having a deeply excavated sutural notch, inflected outer lip, short open canal and a moderate tubercle on the parietal callus opposite the sinus, as well as moderate entering plications on the inside of the outer lip, but never any tubercles or plications on the columella as normally occurs in Etrema. The geological range of the genus is Miocene (Hutchinsonian-Awamoan). Key to Species of Etremopsis. Axials prominent, reaching fasciole. Aperture squarish, canal truncated. Whorls rounded. Axials 10 on penultimate. Base little contracted . *carinapex n. sp. Whorls shouldered. Axials 9 on penultimate. Base contracted . *imperfecta (Suter) Axials less prominent, not reaching' fasciole. Spiral cords of equal development. Whorls rounded. Axials 13 on penultimate. *aequiscutpta n. sp. Spiral cords unequal, 2-3 stronger on spire. Whorls shouldered. Body-whorl sharply keeled. Axials tubercular. 151 Shell squat. . whorl . *clifdenica n. sp. Axials vertical ,10 on body-whoil . Shell elate. %pintn n sn Axials oblique, weak, 9 on body-wliorl ..’ " ' Axials vertical, 12 on body-whorl (axials weaker and spirals strongei than . .. *compta n. sp. in clifdemca) . Body-whorl bluntly shouldered. Axials not tuberculai. Protoconch narrow and elate. Shell moderately inflated. Two strong main cords on spire . *oamarutica n. sp. Four main cords on spire. *quadr,sp,rahs n. sp. Shell narrow and elate Three weak cords on spire. haroldi n. ^P- Protoconch relatively broad. Axials broad, distant, stout and erect, 9-10 per whorl. erecta n. sp. Axials narrow, rather flexuous, weaker, 13-14 per whorl . *!atiapex n. sp. Etremopsis clifdenica n. sp. PL 9, fig. 9. Shell small, squat. Whorls sharply angled at about the middle. Base rather rapidly contracted. Whorls 8, including typical 6-whorled protoconch. Post-nuclear spire-whorls with distant, broad, prominent, but narrowly arched axials rapidly fading away on base, 10 per whorl. Shell crossed by spiral striae and narrow, crisp spiral cords. Four equi- spaced cords on spire whorls, the angle, occurring at the second cord from the top. Be¬ tween uppermost cord and upper suture there are seven close-spaced spiral threads. On the body-whorl, including base, neck and fasciole, there are about 22 cords, with an oc¬ casional intermediate thread. Cords on the fasciole are more closely spaced. The second cord on the spire, at the angulation, is rendered slightly tubercular as it ciosses the nai- rowly arched axials. Spire very slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Outer lip unde¬ veloped in holotype. Height, 4.4 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (6c, type) (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, and Clifden (8a), South¬ land (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis compta n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 10. Shell rather small, narrowly fusiform, elate. Whorls angled just above middle, nine in number, including typical six-whorled protoconch (tip missing in holotype). Spire one and one sixth height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear spire-whorls with fairly strong, narrowly arched axials, reaching upper suture, but fading out on base above the neck, twelve on body-whorl. Two narrow but prominent spiral keels on spire whorls, render¬ ing the axials weakly spinose at points of intersection, uppermost at angle; a third partly shows as a margining of the lower suture. Sixteen further strong, crisp spirals on base, neck and fasciole. There is an occasional weak intermediate between the primary spirals of the body-whorl, but otherwise the interspaces are smooth. The shoulder, however, bears five fine but distinct spiral lirae. The aperture is narrow, with parallel sides, the outer-lip heavily variced and lirate within, the sinus abnormally wide and rather deep, and the canal moderately long and almost straight. There is a strong parietal tubercle opposite the sinus. Height, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 2.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (East Side B) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Etremopsis erecta n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 7. Species closely resembling quadrispiralis, having a broader protoconch of five whorls, but otherwise typical; the fourth primary spiral cord commences earlier, on the second 152 P °® t "^ Uclear whorl J there are only 9-10 axials per whorl; the outer-lip is lirate within, and the spirals on base, neck and fasciole are more numerous (22), finer and more closely spaced. Height, 6.4 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality. Clifden (6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Etremopsis imperfecta (Suter, 1917). 1917 Drillia imperfecta Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 49, PI. 1 , fig. 10. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Locality: Shell-bed, Target Gully, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis carinapex n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 6. Shell small, narrow, elongate. Whorls rounded, body-whorl long, very little contracted. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Whorls 8, including typical protoconch of six whorls, as already described. Post-nuclear spire-whorls with four equispaced, mod¬ erately strong, but narrow, spiral cords, and two weak spiral threads between uppermost cord and suture. On the base there are ten more spiral cords, five of which are on the rather prominent bulging fasciole. Axials strong, rounded, distant, extending right to the fasciole, 10 on the penultimate. The spirals cross all the axials, are there undimin¬ ished in strength, but are not rendered tubercular. Height, 4 mm.; diameter, 1.65 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pukeuri, Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The sole example has the outer lip undeveloped. Etremopsis aequisculpta n. sp. PL 9, fig. 3. Shell of moderate size, compact, fusiform. Whorls broadly rounded except for a weak subsutural concavity. Base gradually and evenly contracted. Spire slightly taller than aperture plus canal. Whorls 9, including typical six-whorled protoconch (initial 3 whorls missing in holotype). Post-nuclear spire-whorls with regular broadly rounded axials not reaching the fasciole, 13 on the penultimate. The whole shell crossed by one series of close spaced rounded spiral threads more prominent in the interspaces of the axials. Ten spirals on the spire-whorls and about 24 on body-whorl, with a further 9, slightly stronger, on the neck and fasciole. Aperture narrow with a deep rounded subsutural sinus and an open canal of moderate length. Outer lip slightly variced, with 18 weak entering lamellae on the inside. The inner lip is smooth except for a weak parietal tubercle opposite the sinus. Height, 7 mm.; diameter, 3.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Target Gully, Oamaru (type) and Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis elata n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 8. Shell rather small, narrowly fusiform, elate. Whorls angled medially, shoulder sharply descending, base little contracted. Spire taller than apeituie plus canal. WLorls 9, including typical 6-whorled protoconch. Axials distant, weak, oblique, obsolete on base, 9 on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture of 4-5 weak threads on the shoulder and foui primary narrow cords below, uppermost just above the angulation, lowest at lower suture, inter¬ mediate fine threads occur. On the base there aie twelve close-spaced slightly stiongei rounded cords, merging with a further six slightly weakei colds on the fasciole. Apei- 153 ture narrow with a deep, broadly rounded, subsutural sinus and an oblique, rather open, moderately long canal. There is a weak parietal tubercle, and the outer lip is slightly variced but without entering lamellae within. Height, 5.1 mm.; diameter, 2.15 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis oamarutica n. sp. PL 9, fig. 2. Shell rather small, fusiform, moderately wide medially. Whorls angled above the middle, 81, including typical narrow six-whorled protoconch (tip missing m hoo ype). Spire one and a fifth height of aperture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls with heavy broadly rounded axials, 12 on body-whorl, crossed by two conspicuous primary spiral cords on spire whorls, uppermost forming the angle. On the base there is a third primary proceding from the lower suture, followed by a further six on the. base, and about ten less distinct on neck and fasciole. Subsidiary spiral sculpture consists of five threads on the shoulder. The aperture is narrow, with parallel sides; the outer-lip strongly variced but thin and incurved at extreme edge, and weakly lirate within. Sinus wide and deep. Height, 5.9 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis haroldi n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 4. Shell slender, narrowly fusiform. Whorls slightly convex, not angled, 84, including narrow typical protoconch (tip missing in holotype). Spire one and a fifth height of aperture plus canal. Post -nuclear whorls with heavy, broadly rounded axials, 12 on body-whorl, crossed by three primary spiral cords on spire-whorls, lowest just above lower suture; about 18 linear-spaced spirals on base, neck and fasciole. Aperture narrow, with parallel sides, very weakly lirate within outer lip. The species is allied to oamarutica, but is constantly much narrower, the whorls are not angled and there are three primary cords on the spire-whorls. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. II. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Ardgowan, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Etremopsis quadrispiralis n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 1. Shell rather large, fusiform, but wide medially. Whorls angled at upper two thirds, 9, including typical narrow six-whorled protoconch. Spire one and a fifth height of aper¬ ture plus canal. Post-nuclear whorls with broad heavy rounded axials, 11 on body-whorl, crossed by three main primary spiral cords on first two adult whorls, increased to four on penultimate and body-whorl. Seventeen spaced strong cords on base, neck and fasciole. Six subsidiary spiral threads on shoulder and an odd intermediate between main cords on body-whorl. Aperture moderate, not lirate within, but otherwise typical. Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 8.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Dyer’s Run, Lower Waihao Valley, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Mio¬ cene. Etremopsis latiapex n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 5. Shell resembling erecta in having a broad protoconch of 5 whorls, but different in having thinner and more numerous axials, 18-14 per whorl. Four main spirals on all 154 post-nucleai whoils, plus 23 on base, neck and fasciole; six subsidiary threads on shoulder. Whorls 7o, including protoconch. Shell moderately broad. Spire one and a fifth height of apeiture. Outer lip heavily variced, distinctly lirate within. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 2.8 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities. Pukeuri, near Oamaru (type); Clifden (8a) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Genus Anacithara Hedley, 1922. Type (o.d.): Mangilia naufraga Hedley. Recent, Queensland. This genus was proposed for a group of Queensland Recent species resembling Eucithara (= Cythara auct.) in their upper whorls and sculpture, but differing in their wide aperture, devoid of teeth on either side. The protoconch is rather small, smooth, bluntly rounded, of two whorls, usually followed by a brephic stage of curved axials. Five species from the Hutchinsonian and Awamoan (Lower and Middle Miocene) of New Zealand are here referred to this genus. The protoconch in these differs somewhat from that of the genotype in having three whorls, and in being more dome-shaped, but it is followed by the characteristic brephic stage of curved axials. In all other respects, the New Zealand fossils compare well with the Queensland genus. It is worthy of note that a new Tasmanian Tertiary species (Janjukian) has a protoconch exactly as in the New Zealand members. Key to Species of Anacithara. Protoconch dome-shaped of 3 smooth whorls. 1. Axials 11 on body-whorl, weakly nodulose at angle. Shell small, narrow. Spiral sculpture subobsolete on spire whorls . *clifdenica n. sp. 2. Axials 9 on body-whorl. Shell small, broader, previous labial varix retained. Spiral striae exceedingly fine . *finlayi n. sp. 3. Axials 10 on body-whorl. Shell small, ovate, scarcely angulate. Spiral lirae moderately strong . *nana n. sp. 4. Axials 18 on body-whorl Shell larger, narrowly fusiform. Axials retractive above angula¬ tion, protractive below . * errabunda m sp. Protoconch more narrowly conical, 3 smooth whorls. 5. Axials 10 on body-whorl; dense surface striations . *axialis (Marshall) Anacithara clifdenica n. sp. PL 5, fig. 8. Shell small, fusiform. Whorls 7 (6 in holotype, which is not adult), including a dome¬ shaped smooth protoconch of 3 whorls, tip minute, helicoid and cential, followed by a short brephic stage of rather stout close axials. Spire 1.3 times height of apeituie, whorls distinctly angled just above the middle. Sculptuie consisting of prominent bioadly rounded axials, slightly reduced on shoulder, weakly nodulose at angle, and lapidly fading out over base, 11 on body-whorl. Spiral sculpture subobsolete on spire-whorls, but mod¬ erately strong on lower part of base and neck. Aperture ovate, unarmed, but outer-lip strengthened externally by a strong fold-like varix. Sinus on shoulder broad and shallow. Anterior canal short, broadly open and very shallowly notched. Height, 4.9 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Clifden (4b, type, 6a and 6b) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. In the holotype the protoconch appears abnormally large for the genus, but the speci¬ men is not fully grown. 155 Anacithara errabunda n. sp. PI. 5, 10- ^ , Shell more narrowly fusiform, taller spire, almost 1| times height of aperture, angie becoming obsolete over body-whorl, axials weaker and more numerous, 18 on body-whorl, e“ng from suture to suture on spire-whorls, and half way over base. Trend of axials Id £ angle, alight, y retell™ above, and aligbtly cular at angle on early whorls. Surface crowded with fine but distinct spiral st £ strongest on base and neck. Whorls 8, including smooth dome-shaped protoconch of o whorls followed by a half-whorl of close stout axials. Aperture, unarmed, stiengtheneJ externally by a strong varix. Sinus and anterior canal typical. Height, 8.7 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden, Southland (East side A (Hutchinsoman) Lower Miocene. Anacithara axialis (Marshall, 1918). PI. 5, fig. 9. 1918 Mangilia axialis Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 50, p. 269. The species has the characteristic Anacithara unarmed aperture and heavily \aiiced outer lip. The three-whorled smooth protoconch is more narrowly conical than in the other New Zealand species, but not sufficiently distinct to warrant separation. The post- nuclear sculpture is of fairly prominent rounded axials, 10 on body-whorl, and dense sur¬ face striations. For some unknown reason, Marshall figured one of the imperfect para- types. A figure of the well preserved holotype is here provided. Height, 6.4 mm.; diameter 2.8 mm. (Holotype). Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Anacithara nana n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 11. Shell quite small, robust, ovate. Spire equal to height of aperture plus canal. Whorls strongly convex, with merest suspicion of a median angulation. Base slowly and evenly contracted. Axials massive, broadly rounded, 10 on body-whorl. Whorls 6, including smooth dome-shaped protoconch of 3 whorls. Spiral sculpture of dense, linear-spaced, moderately strong lirae, strongest over base and neck. Aperture ovate, outer lip heavily variced externally but unarmed as in the other species. There is a slight entering parietal callus, but no tubercle. Sinus broad and shallow occupying the poorly defined, rather broad shoulder. Height, 4.65 mm.; diameter, 2.27 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (7a) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Anacithara finlayi n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 7. Shell small, nearest to clifdenica, but with fewer and stronger axials and a less acute angulation. In addition to the strong terminal labial varix, the previous one remains on the front left of the body-whorl, or two thirds of a whorl back from the terminal varix. This gives a trigonal cross section to the whorls. Whorls 6, including smooth dome¬ shaped protoconch of 3 whorls, followed by the usual half whorl of strong brephic axials. Surface appearing smooth and polished, but actually crowded with exceedingly fine stria¬ tions. Neck and lower part of base with moderately strong spiral threads. Spire a little taller than aperture plus canal. Nine axials on body-whorl. Details of aperture normal. Height, 4.35 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm.; (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Clifden (7c) Southland (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Although the species is very small and has only three post-nuclear whorls, it is evi¬ dently adult, as shown by the massive labial varix. 156 Genus Heterocithara Hedley, 1922. Type (o.d.): Clathurella bilineata Angas, Recent, New South Wales. Hedley diagnosed his genus as follows “a genus of the Mangiliinae related to Para- clathurclla. Shell small, bicomcal, solid. Numerous perpendicular riblets extend from the sutui e to the base, and are over-run by smaller spiral cords, between which are dense microscopic hair lines. No fasciole; varix larger than the ribs; sinus small. Within the lip are a series of denticules.” The polygyrate broadly conical protoconch has a small smooth tip followed by one whorl minutely punctuate, the remaining whorls being sculp¬ tured with strong concave axial threads and a microscopic ground pattern of granulate hrations. This granulate pattern, much strengthened, covers the adult whorls and is a feature characteristic of the Mangiliinae, as also is the shallow rounded subsutural sinus. T e protoconch is not comparable with that of the Daphnellinae, where diagonal cancella¬ tion results from two definite transverse elements of the sculpture. The Daphnellid sinus also is quit© diffeient, being shaped like the mirror image of a capital u Tj ” Other typical Australian Recent members are concinna Hedley, 1922, and seriliola Hedley, 1922, and theie are new Tertiary members in the Balcombian and Adelaidean. The genus is lepiesented in New Zealand by a Lower Pliocene and a Recent series Heterocithara laterculus Marwick, 1931. 1931 Heterocithara laterculus Marwick, N.Z. G.S. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 147, PI. 16, f. 308. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1325, Ormond Series, Gisborne (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Heterocithara mediocris Odhner, 1924. 1924 Heterocithara mediocris Odhner, Pap. Mort. Pac. Expd. N.Z. Moll. 19, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk. Naturn, Foren. 77, p. 43, PI. 1, f. 29. Holotype in University Museum, Copenhagen. Localities: Colville Channel, 35 fath. Hauraki Gulf (type); 38 fath. off Cuvier Island; 60 fathoms off Poor Knights Islands; 25 fathoms Hen & Chickens Islands. DAPHNELLINAE. Genus Daphnella Hinds, 1844. Type (s.d. Herrmannsen 1847): Pleurotoma lymnaefonnis Kiener. Recent, Indian Ocean. This, the type genus of the subfamily Daphnellinae , has a wide Recent range, but there are few species, although the name has been grossly misapplied to cover a hetero¬ geneous collection of species, many of which are not even Turrids. The New Zealand Recent cancellata Hutton, 1878, the Australian Recent D. botanica Hedley, 1918, and D. terina Melvill and Standen, are undoubtedly congeneric with the genotype. The shell is elongate-oval, with the body-whorl occupying more than half the shell height, sculpture delicately reticulated, and the protoconch polygyrate, pointed, and elaborately cancellated by two diagonal series of arcuate thin axials, which intersect the surface into diamond¬ shaped interspaces. The sinus, which is only moderately deep, occupies the shoulder, descends almost vertically from the suture and is then abruptly angled and produced forwards. The anterior canal is short, broad and open. Daphnella cancellata Hutton, 1878. 1878 Daphnella cancellata Hutton, Journ. tie Conch. 26, p. 18. 1915 Daphnella cancellata : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll. (Atlas of Plates), PI. 46, f. 28. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: Auckland Harbour (type) ; 5 fath. off Crusoe Island, Auckland; Port Fitzio>, Great Barrier Island; Russell, Bay of Islands; Stewart Island (Recorded Suter 191o, p. 508). Recorded from the (Castlecliffian) Up. Pliocene by Marshall & Muidoch 1920, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 52, pp. 120, 122. I have not seen this material. 157 Genus Veprecula Melvill, 1917. Type (o.d.): Clathurella sykesii Melvill & Stauclen. Recent. Gulf of Oman, 156 fath. The K .u. h.» deep protoconch, sculptured with numerous . ,, Dro toconch, however, is not com- The crossing of these axial and spma e e me cance llation of two opposed series parable with that of true Daphnella, w ere surface into diamond-shaped of obliquely arcuate, equally develope axia s r j canal. The sculpture is interspaces. In shape the shell “ of the axial and spiral ribs. The range clathrate, rendered spmose at the inters of the genus is Persian Gulf to Australia and New Zealand. Veprecula cooperi Mestayer, 1919. 1919 Veprecula cooperi Mestayer, Trans. N.Z. Inst, ol, P- 134 - P1 * 8 ' ' ^ Localities: 25-30 fath. Hen & Chicken Islands (type); 60 a 001 nl covery II. Stn. 933, 260 metres off Three Kings Islands. Genus Nepotilla Hedley, 1918. ,, . , , Vorpn Upppnt 104 fatli. South Austialia. Type (o.d.): Daphnella bathentoma Verco. Kecei . This group has an exceedingly deep sinus and clathrate scuipture as in F^^^ but a short canal, and a globose, paucispiral, spirally Urate Protoeond.. having^faint traces of verv fine obliquely transverse threads, just noticeable between the spiral hrae. inis approximation to reticulation of the protoconch, in conjunction with the deep Daphnel sinus, decides the position of the genus as in that subfami y. In New Zealand the genus occurs Recent and in the (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. It is represented in Australia by a number of Recent species, of which Daphnel.a batlwn- toma verco, 1909, Clathurella lamellosa Sowerby, 1896, and Daphnella tnsenata Ve co, 1909, are typical examples. The apparent absence of the genus from the New Zealand Pho- cene is strange, but it may be revealed by more intensive collecting. Key to N.Z. Species of Nepotilla. Spire whorls with 2 spiral keels. ^ powell Axials 17-19 per whorl . Spire whorls with 3 spiral keels. * bartrum i Laws Axials 10-12 per whorl . Po well Axials 11-12 per whorl. Spinose . Spire whorls with 4 spiral keels. Powel i Axials 16-18 per whorl . Nepotilla bartrumi Laws, 1939. 1939 Nepotilla bartrumi Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 500, PI. Go, f. 45. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Nepotilla finlayi Powell, 1937. PL 14, fig. 11. 1937 Nepotilla finlayi Powell, Discovery Reports 15, p. 217. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History) London. Locality: Discovery II. Station 933, 260 metres off Three Kings Islands. Nepotilla vera Powell, 1940. 1940 Nepotilla vera Powell, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70, p. 246, PI. 32, f. 10. Holotype in Auckland Museum. Locality: Tom Bowling Bay, Northern N.Z. (in shell sand). 158 Nepotilla nitidula Powell, 1940. 1940 Nepotilla nitidula Powell, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 70. p. 246. PI Holotype in Auckland Museum. Locality: Tom Bowling- Bay, Northern N.Z. (in shell sand). 32, f. 9. Genus Zenepos Finlay, 1928. _ Ijpe (o.d.). Daphnclla totolirata Suter. Recent, N.Z. theThdHsTore slencV—^ f S * Similar but less exserted Protoconch, but , ^ "der. >-he sculpture of regular strong spiral cords, and the sinus is even shallower than either Stilla or Daphnclla. The range of the genus in New Zea land is Upper Phocene to Recent, and it is represented in Australia by the Recent "T Temson-Woods, 1877, and Daphnclla mirnica Sowerby, 1896, both of which Hedlev referred to Nepotilla (1922, p. 337). neuiey Key to N.Z. Species of Zenepos. Spire whorls with 3 spiral cords. Height 2.8 mm. Height 5 mm. Spire whorls with 4-5 spiral cords. Height 4.5 mm. Zenepos lacunosa (Hutton, 1885). • totolirata (Suter) *lacunosa (Hutton) • cliariessa (Suter) 1885 Daphnclla lacunosa Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 17, p. 317. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: Wanganui (type); CastleclifT, Wanganui (Castlecliffian) Upper Pliocene. Zenepos totolirata (Suter, 1908). 190S Daphnclla totolirata Suter, Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, p. 189, PI. 7, f. 23. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: 15 fathoms Foveaux Strait (type). Zenepos chariessa (Suter, 1908). 1908 Daphnclla chariessa Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 40, p. 351, PI. 27, f. 9. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Locality: 38 fathoms Cuvier Island (type). Genus Stilla Finlay, 1926. Type (o.d.): Mangilia flexicostata Suter. Recent, N.Z. This is a Daphnellid genus of minute size, so far recognised only from New Zealand. It stands nearest to Nepal ilia, but the sinus is much shallower, nearer to that of Daphnclla, and the sculpture is of simple axials. Nepotilla and Vepreciila have an extremely deep sinus and clathrate sculpture, while Zenepos has spiral cord-sculpture and an even shal¬ lower sinus than Stilla. Key to Species of Stilla. Axials on body whorl, 15 . paucicostata Powell Axials on body whorl, 18 . flexicostata (Suter) Axials on body whorl, 40 .. delicatula Powell Stilla flexicostata (Suter, 1899). 1899 Mangilia flexicostata Suter, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 31, p. 73, PI. 3, figs. 3, 3a. Holotype in Wanganui Public Museum. Localities: 15 fath. Foveaux Strait (type); 170 fath. off Puysegur Point, S.W. Otago; 50 fath. Snares Islands; Mason Bay (shell-sand), Stewart Island. 159 Stilla delicatula Powell, 1927. 1927 Stilla delicatula Powell, Rec. Cant. Mus. 3, p. 119, PL 21, f. 11. Holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Localities: 170 fath. off Puysegur Point, S.W. Otago (type); 10-17 fath. off Fancy roup, Stewart Id. Stilla paucicostata Powell, 1937. PI. 14, fig. 12. 1937 Stilla paucicostata Powell, Discovery II. Rep. 15, p. 218, PL 56, f. 11. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: Discovery II. Stn. 933, 260 metres oft Three Kings Islands. Genus Rugobela Finlay, 1924. Type (o.d.): Ptychatractus tenuiliratus Suter (Awamoan) Middle Miocene, N.Z. This is a well defined genus, but its relationship is obscure. It seems to have a gieatei claim to the DapJinellinae than to the Mangeliinae, although superficially it more closely resembles the latter. Certainly the apex is decidedly discordant with that of typical Daphnella in being perfectly smooth, not diagonally cancellated; but on the other hand the sinus and general apertural characters suggest a Daphnellid in which a weakening of the sinus has resulted in a shallow, broad notch almost vertically descending and with the lip produced abruptly forwards in a broad arc. A characteristic of the genus is the presence of several weak plications near the base of the pillar, and this feature to a lesser extent is found also in true Daphnella . In New Zealand the genus ranges from the (Kaiatan) Lower Oligocene to the (Awamoan) Middie Miocene, 1 inlay (1924, p. 499) has referred to Rugobela the Australian Tertiary species, Cordieria conospira Tate, 1898, and Daphnella columbelloides Ten.-Woods, 1877. Key to Species of Rugobela. 1 Shell with rounded whorls, densely sculptured with linear-spaced cords. Axials obsolete; a few indistinct ribs on eaily wiioils onlj. Shell squat, small (5-9 mm.) . *infclix (Suter) Shell more elongate, larger (12-16 mm.) . *camliculata (Suter) Axials strong. Axials 12 per whorl, obsolete only on last half whorl . *tenuilirata (Suter) Axials 15-16 per whorl, absent from whole of body-whorl . *semilaevigata Laws 2. Shell distinctly shouldered. Axials persistent throughout. Axials strong, rather narrow, nodulated at shoulder, 14 per whorl. Spirals moderate *tenuicostata Laws Axials strong, broadly rounded, nodulated at shoulder, 12-13 per whorl. Spirals very fine *nodulosa n. sp. Axials strong, broadly rounded, 10 per whorl. Spirals strong and crisp *sepelibilis (Powell & Bartrum) Axials tubercular on a median peripheral keel, 12-13 per whorl. Spirals not developed on shoulder . *tersa (Marwick) Axials obsolete except on early whorls. Axials as strong shoulder nodules, 12 per whorl. Spirals developed on base only . *humerosa (Marwick) Rugobela humerosa (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Clavatula humerosa Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 315, Pl. 72, f. 19. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: Lome, North Otago (Kaiatan) Lower Oligocene. 160 Rugobela semilaevigata Laws, 1935. 1935 Rugobela semilaevigata Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 65 p 40 PI 7 f 9 ^ Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R. Laws collection) ’ Locality: Otiake, Waitaki Valley (Waitakian) Upper Oligocene. Rugobela sepelibilis (Powell & Bartrum, 1929). 1929 “Guraleus” sepelibilis Powell & Bartrum, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 60, p. 441 PI 41 fiss 55 53 Holotype m writer’s collection, Auckland Museum. ’ ’ Locality: Near Oneroa, Waiheke Island, Auckland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene Rugobela tenuilirata (Suter, 1917) 1917 1921 1924 Ptychatr actus tenuiliratus Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 26, PI. 7 f 2 Daphnella varicostata Marshall & Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 53, p.' 82. Rugobela tenuilirata : Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 499. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: Clifden (6a, 6b & 6c) Southland (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene; Clifden (/a, 7c & 8a) ; Target Gully (type) ; Pukeuri; Ardgowan and Awamoa (type of varicostata) (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Rugobela tenuicostata Laws, 1935. 1935 Rugobela tenuicostata Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 65, p. 39, PI. 7, f. 22. Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. C. R, Laws collection). Locality: Blue Cliffs, South Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Rugobela nodulosa n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 11. Species related to tenuicostata, but with stronger, more broadly rounded axials, pro¬ minently nodulated at the shoulder angle but only just reaching the lower suture and not extending over the base, 12-13 per whorl. Spirals as fine rounded threads, 2-3 on shoul¬ der and 7-8 from angle to lower suture, linear-spaced and somewhat stronger on lower part of base. Four distinct fine ridges on lower part of pillar. The suture is submargined by a well marked rounded fold. Height, 12 mm.; diameter, 5.1 mm. (Holotype). Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 2222, sandstone overlying greensand at Campbell’s Beach, All Day Bay, Otepopo S.D. (Moeraki) Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Rugobela canaliculata (Suter, 1917). 1917 Bela (Buchozia) canaliculata Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 59, PI. 7, f. 1. 1924 Rugobela canaliculata • Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 499. Holotype in Otago University Museum, Dunedin. Localities: Target Gully (type), Awamoa, Rifle Butts, Pukeuri and Ardgowan, near Oamaru; White Rock River, Canterbury (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Rugobela infelix (Suter, 1917). 1917 Bela (Buchozia) infelix Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 60, PI. 12, f. 21. 1924 Rugobela infelix " Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 55, p. 499. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: White Rock River, Canterbury (type); Target Gully, Awamoa, and Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Rugobela tersa (Marwick, 1931). 1931 Austrodrillia tersa Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 140, PI. 16, f. 309. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1242, Tutamoe Series, Gisborne (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. This species is more strongly sculptured than the typical members of the genus, but the apex and sinus are in accord. 161 Genus Asperdaphne Hedley, 1922. = Scab veil ci Hedley, 1918. non. Sacco 1890. Type (o.d.) : Daphnella vcrsivestita Hedle> . This is a characteristic Recent Australian genus having a blunt, paucispiral proto¬ conch sculptured with spiral ridges and interstitial vertical axials. Hedley (1922, p. 3o8) does not mention the axials, but states that the nucleus is “spirally grooved instead of being obliquely reticulated.” However, authentic topotypic specimens of the genotype, although worn, show these axials quite plainly and the spirals as ridges, not grooves. Although the protoconch does not exhibit the usual Daphnellid diagonal leticulation, reference to the subfamily Daphnellinae is indicated by the vertically descending and then angularly produced sinus, adjoining the suture. Watson’s Plcurotoma (Dnllici) ulci from 700 fathoms east of East Cape almost ceitainl} belongs here. I have not seen the species, but Watson describes the piotoconch a^ ol “two globose whorls rather remotely microscopically regularly striated.” Watson’s figure shows a half-grown shell, so accurate determination is difficult. Asperdaphne ula (Watson, 1881). 1881 Pleurotorna (Drillia) ula Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc. 15, p. 420. 1886 Pleurotorna (Bela) ula : Watson “Challenger” Zool. 15, PI. 22, fig. 1. 1913 Bela ula : Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 485. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: East of East Cape in 700 fathoms. Asperdaphne aculeata (Webster, 1906). 1906 Daphnella aculeata Webster, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38, p. 306, PI. 38, f. 4. Holotype in Dominion Museum, Wellington. Locality: Off Great Barrier Island in 110 fathoms. Genus Maoridaphne n. gen. Type: Daphnella clifdenica Laws 1939 (Hutcliinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. Thiele (1929, p. 370) synonymised Cordieria Monterosato, 1884 (non Rouault, 1848), Pseudodaphnella Boettger, 1895, Kennia Oliver, 1915, and Clathurina Melvill, 1917, under Philbertia Monterosato 1884. The type of Philbertia has a moderately deep Daphnellid sinus and a small paucispiral protoconch similar to that of Stilla flcxicostata, but with the interstitial axials stronger on the last whorl, producing reticulation. The protoconch in Pseudodaphnella philippinensis Reeve, the genotype, as figured by Hedley (1922, PI. 55, fig. 185) is similar, but more depressed dome-shaped, with the axials lamellate, and domin¬ ating the spirals on the second whorl. That of Kermia is paucispiral also, of 24 whorls, of which the tip is smooth and blunt, then spirally lirate with weak interstitial axial threads; last whorl openly diagonally cancellated, protractive diagonals extending from suture to suture, but the retractive ones do not reach the upper suture, so that reticula¬ tion is confined to the lower two-thirds of the whorl. The sinus is moderately deep, and after the formation of the labial varix it does not descend vertically from the suture, being drawn forwards at the suture by the presence of a strong, entering callus pad. The shell is small, cylindrical, with strong, openly reticulated sculpture, and there is a series of denticles within the variced outer lip. As far as can be judged from Reeve’s figure of Pleurotorna foraminata, genotype of Clathurina Melvill, that genus may well be a synonym of Philbertia. Hedley (1922, p. 344) in dealing with Recent Australian Turrids synonymised Kennia and Clathurina under Pseu¬ dodaphnella, but on the apical characters as outlined above, Kermia is better kept separate from Pseudodaphnella. Hedley’s (1922) grouping under the latter covers species of true 162 Kermia also, but study of the protoconchs will be necessary to rearrange all Hedley’s species. Certainly haremita Hedley, retellaria Hedley, and tessellata Hinds, figured by Hedley (1922, figs. 181, 189 & 198 respectively) have the Kermia apex, but niayana Hedley (fig. 182) and ramsayi Brazier (fig. 188) seem to accord with Pseudo daphnella. The above new genus, Maoridaphne, is proposed for a series of New Zealand Miocene species with a large, polygyrate, sharply conical, reticulated protoconch of 4-6 whorls, the lower whorls being slightly angulate. In general proportions the genus more closely resembles Philbcrtia than either typical Daphnella or any of the above discussed genera. However, the Maoridaphne protoconch differs considerably from those of the above groups, and the thin-edged, weakly variced outer lip, without denticles, extremely weak sinus, shown only as a faint excavation at the top of the axials, as well as the Cytharoid style of sculpture of distant axials crossed by spiral lirae, effectively separate the genus. Maoridaphne clifdenica (Laws, 1939). 1939 Daphnella clifdenica Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 499, PI. 63, f. 19. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Clifden, Southland, road-cutting behind racecourse (type, and 6c) (Hutchin- sonian) Lower Miocene. Maoridaphne kaiparica (Laws, 1939). 1939 Daphnella kaiparica Laws, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 68, p. 499, PI. 63, f. 22. Holotype in collection of Dr. C. R. Laws, Auckland. Locality: Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Maoridaphne haroldi n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 7. This is very similar to clifdenica, except that the protoconch is invariably more acutely angulate on the last whorl, and the axials on the body-whorl are more numerous, nine, compared with seven in clifdenica, Spiral sculpture, proportions, and other details so similar, that clifdenica may definitely be taken as immediately ancestral to haroldi. Height, 5.3 mm; diameter, 2.2 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Target Gully (type) ; Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. The Hutchinsonian kaiparica is distinct from the other two species in being more verti¬ cally compressed, with stronger and more sharply raised spirals, which are rendered slightly nodulose at the points of intersection. Also, the protoconch has only 4v whorls, is less sharply conical, and the last whorl is scarcely angled. Genus Puha Marwick, 1931. Type (o.d.): Puha fulgida Marwick (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene, N.Z. This genus was compared with Vexithara by its author, mainly on account of the occurrence of weak pillar plications within the aperture. The aperture is also weakly channelled above, but without a definite sinus The protoconch was previously unknown, but a third species of the genus, described below, shows surprisingly that the relation¬ ship is with the Daphnellinae, for the apex is a perfect five-whorled reticulated “Sinusi- gera” closely similar to that of Cryptodaphne and Maoridaphne. .The absence of the dis¬ tinctive Daphnellid reversed “L”-shaped sinus has almost a parallel in the closely allied Maoridaphne, which has the sinus restricted to a faint excavation at the top of the axials. Occasionally typical Daphnella has obscure pillar plications, and they aie piesent also in Kugobela, Puha differs from Maoridaphne in having a concave shoulder with the axials 163 strongly developed only below it, in the presence of pillar plications, and in the obsolete sinus. The range of the genus is (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene to (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Puha fulgida Marwick, 1931. 1931 Puha fulgida Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 150, PI. 16, f. 312. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1366, Ihungia Series, Gisborne District (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Puha hebes (Hutton, 1873). 1873 Plcurotoma hebes Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. p. 4, “Oamaru, Poverty Bay (L).” 1915 Lapparia hebes : Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, PI. 5, fig. 8 (only) = (Buchanan’s pencil drawing of Holotype from Oamaru). 1926 Lapparia hebes : Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 277. 1926 Vcxithara hebes • Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 255. 1931 Puha hebes ’ Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 149. Locality: Oamaru (exact horizon unknown). Puha sinusigera n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 8. Shell small, of similar proportions and style of sculpture to f ulgida. Whorls 10, includ¬ ing a tall conical sinusigera protoconch of 6 whorls, elaborately diagonally cancellated and terminated by a distinct protractive varix, being the upper exposed portion of a characteristic sinusigera labial claw. Spire about one and a third times height of aper¬ ture. Whorls sharply carinate, shouldered at upper two-thirds. Sculpture consisting of strong, close-spaced, sharp axials and moderately strong smooth spiral cords, which cross the axials and render the shoulder carina distinctly spinose. Three to four spirals on spire whorls, nine on body-whorl and base. Axials 17 per whorl. Pillar plications do not show, but these would be well within the aperture and apparent only if the outer lip was broken away. The new species differs from both fulgida and hebes in having more numerous axials and in the sutural fold not being tuberculate, but merely crossed by lamellar lines of growth. Also it is of much smaller size, but the unique type specimen may not be adult. Height, 5.1 mm.; diameter, 2.4 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Pukeuri, near Oamaru (Awamoan) Middle Miocene. Further new species of Puha, not good enough for description, are represented in the N.Z. Geological Survey collection from N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1327, Wheao Series, Gisborne (Lower Miocene); 1340, Ngatapa S.D. (base of Mapiri Series) ; 1518, Opoiti (N.E.) S.D. (“Mapiri” = Taranakian) Upper Miocene; and 1554, Taramarama (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Genus Cryptodaphne n. gen. Type: C. pseudodrillia n. sp. (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. At a glance the genotype could easily be mistaken for a Cryptomella , which belongs to the Drillia series. This superficial resemblance is merely the result of the strongly keeled whorls, for the shell has a perfect Daphnellid polygyrate reticulated protoconch of five whorls and an unmistakable Daphnellid sinus. From Daphnella it is separated by its angulate fusiform build, small aperture, contracted neck to a narrow, moderately long anterior canal and distinctive sculpture with spirals predominant. 164 Cryptodaphne pseudodrillia n. sp. PL 4, fig. 3. Shell small, narrowly biconic; spire one and a third times height of aperture plus canal. Whorls 9, including a tall, narrow, polygyrate protoconch of 5 whorls, tip smooth, remaining nuclear whorls with distinct Daphnellid reticulation and terminating in a characteristic “Sinusigera” projection. Post-nuclear whorls with a prominently pro¬ jecting rounded keel at the lower fourth of the whorl height, giving a pagoda-like aspect to the spire. Two much narrower spiral cords occupy the narrow space between the peripheral cord and the lower suture, and on the body-whorl and base there are eight rather distant, primary, smooth spiral cords, with 1-2 fine interstitial threads, and a fur¬ ther nine linear-spaced rounded cords on the neck and fasciole. Six fine spiral threads of uneven development occupy the extremely wide and steeply descending sinus area. The whole surface of the adult shell is crossed by close-spaced spiral threads producing reticulation. The sinus is of moderate depth, typically Daphnellid, descending almost vertically and then abruptly produced forwards. The aperture is small and narrowly- ovate, produced below into a rather long, somewhat constricted anterior canal, the end of which is damaged, but there is evidence of a slight notch and a weak fasciole. Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 2.1 mm. (Holotype). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Localities: Pakaurangi Point Kaipara (type) ; Mahoenui beds, 1 mile W. of road tunnel N. entrance to Awakino Gorge (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Genus Eubela Dali, 1889. Type (o.d.): Pleurotoma (Bela) limacina Dali, Recent, West Atlantic. Shell small, ovate. Protoconch Daphnellid. Body-whorl convex with a very short tapering neck and no fasciole. Shell smooth except for a subsutural row of strong beads. Dali (1889, p. 102) describes the sinus as shallow and the apex as a “Sinusigera.” He also synonymises Watson’s Clathurella hormophora Watson (1886 Chalk Zool. 15, pi. 21, f. 9) which shows the sinusigerid apex to have a well marked Daphnellid reticulation. Dali’s species was from 805 fathoms, Gulf of Mexico, and Watson’s from 450 fathoms off Som¬ brero Id., West Indies. They appear to represent distinct species. Several East and South African abyssal species were described by Thiele (1925, Deutsch. Tiefsee Expd., pp. 253-254)—His Eubela sp., E. aequatorialis and E. distincta are undoubted members, but his E. plebeja lacks the beaded suture and is therefore a doubtful inclusion. In 1931 Dr. J. Marwick described an undoubted species in his E. monile from the Ihungia Series (Hutchinsonian) of Gisborne. This species has the characteristic beaded subsutural band, as well as a Daphnellid protoconch and sinus. It is an extraordinary instance of apparent discontinuous distribution, but doubtless other benthic species will become known. Experience with Turrids having the “Sinusigera” apex is that they are liable to turn up in areas remote from that of the type species, and that in general they are longer time ranging than the sedentary genera with the paucispiral apex. Eubela monile Marwick, 1931. 1931 Eubela iiwiulc Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 146, PI. 16, f. 310. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. Iocs. 1272 and 1292 (type) Ihungia Series, Gisborne (Hutchinsonian) Lower Miocene. Eubela awakinoensis n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 2. This single fragmentary specimen is described, as its distinctive features will ensure its subsequent recognition. Spire whorls Terebra-like, flat and vertical in profile, except for a heavily ridged subsutural fold, which bears numerous small laterally compressed 165 but typical bead sculpture. The spire-whorls are smooth, but moderately strong spiral lirae cover the base and neck, and number approximately 16. The sinus and outer lip growth lines are particularly noticeable, the actual sinus being very broad and moder¬ ately deep, the lip then swinging forwards below in a big arc. The upper spire whorls and the neck are missing and the outer lip is damaged. Height, 5.2 mm.; diameter, 2.1 mm. (actual, of incomplete specimen). Holotype in Auckland Museum (Dr. H. J. Finlay collection). Locality: Awakino Gorge, 1 mile west of road tunnel (Mahoenui Beds. Hutchmsoman) Lower Miocene. Genus Xanthodaphne n. gen. Type: Pleurotonia (Thesbia) membranacea Watson, Recent, abyssal, N.Z. Under Thesbia (p. 131) I have shown that Pleurotonia (Thesbia) membranacea and xanthias Watson, two deep-water New Zealand species which have not been found since the original discovery by the “Challenger” Expedition, in 1100 fathoms off Cape Turnagain, have nothing in common with Thesbia. A new genus is here insti¬ tuted for their reception, and the subfamily location, indicated clearly by the sutural sinus, is in the Daphnellinae. The new genus seems allied to Typhlosyrinx Thiele, 1925, (type vepallida Martens) from deep-water off Aden, and less clearly to Pontiothainna Smith, 1894 (type mirahile Smith) from deep-water, Indian Ocean. Xanthodaphne differs from Typhlosyrinx in having a much larger, more inflated body-whorl, with a shorter spire, absence of axials, and a less attenuated protoconch, the last two whorls of which are sculptured with narrow raised lines, straight above, but curved forwards below. In both genera the sinus is deep, sutural, and then the thin outer lip sweeps forward in a wing-like curve, but in Pontiothauma the outer lip is very little produced, the spire is tall, the body-whorl trun¬ cated, and there is moderate axial as well as spiral sculpture. Xanthodaphne membranacea (Watson, 1886). 1886 Pleurotonia (Thesbia) membranacea Watson “Challenger” Zool. 15, p. 333, PI. 26, f. 9. 1913 Daphnella (Thesbia) membranacea Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 512. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: 1100 fathoms off Cape Turnagain. Xanthodaphne xanthias (Watson, 1886). 1886 Pleurotonia (Thesbia) xanthias Watson, “Challenger” Zool. 15, p. 334, PI. 26, f. 10. 1913 Daphnella (Thesbia) xanthias Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 513. Holotype in British Museum (Natural History). Locality: 1100 fathoms off Cape Turnagain. Family SPEIGHTIIDAE, nov. Genus Speightia Finlay, 1926. Type (o.d.): Euthriofusus spinostts Suter (Bortonian) Middle Eocene, N.Z. The systematic position of the New Zealand Eocene Speightia is problematic, but un¬ doubtedly the Peruvian (Negritos) Eocene Andicula is a near relative. I am indebted to Dr. J. Marwick for the loan of drawings of the holotype of Surcula occidentalis Woods, genotype of Andicula and also of Surcula thomsoni Woods, a second Andicula from the same formation. These bear a striking resemblance to Speightia, but lack one feature—the strong entering parietal spiral ridge so characteristic of the New Zealand shells. Speightia has a Turrid feature in the sinus which is broadly and shallowly arcuate, with its apex just above the peripheral keel, but the ridged and suddenly bent pillar is foreign to the Turridae, being more suggestive of Verconella (Buccinulidae) and the Fusi¬ lt id ae — Fasciolariidae. However, the broad shoulder concavity in the latter is never quite so definitely a sinus as in Speightia and Andicula. Wrigley 1939 (p. 278) described the sinus of the Turrid genus Surculites as slightly concave, but increasing in exact propor¬ tion to the development of the carina; but in Speightia there is an opposite tendency, the peripheral spines rendering the sinus curves shallower at the apex of a spine than in the interspaces. Thus the sinus curves present a regular alternation. Acting upon a suggestion by Dr. Marwick, I now consider Speightia and Andicula as representatives of an ancient stock, and as a preliminary to a better appreciation of their problematic relationship the Family Speightiidae is instituted, it being surmised that the Turridae and the Speightiidae arose divergently from a common hypothetical ancestor that may have been Fusoid. A third member of the group is suggested by Dr. Marwick in Surcula ingens Mayer Eymar from the Eocene of Egypt. The family seems not to have survived the Eocene. Speightia is represented by a single New Zealand species so far restricted to the (Bor- tonian) Middle Eocene of New Zealand. Speightia spinosa (Suter, 1917). 1917 Eutliriofusus spinosus Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 5, p. 24, PI. 4, figs. 1, 2. 1926 Speightia spinosa Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 252. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 480, “Island Sandstone,” Waihao River (type) ; Waihao Downs; Hampden and Black Point, Borton’s (Bortonian) Middle Eocene. Family THATCHERIIDAE, nov. Type (o.cl.): Genus Waitara Marwick, 1931. Turricula waitaraensis Marwick (Urenuian) Upper Miocene, N.Z. It is possible that Waitara may yet prove to be identical with Thatcheria Angas, 1877, type, T. inirabilis Angas, Recent, Japan, and Cochlioconus Yokoyama, 1928, type, C.gradatus Yokoyama, Pliocene, Japan. In any case all three are closely allied and represent a dis¬ cordant Turrid-like group that cannot be satisfactorily placed in any of the nine sub¬ families adopted in this bulletin. Thatcheria has a large thin shell, very sharply keeled and with a very deep sutural sinus. Cochlioconus is almost certainly a synonym, although its author made no reference to Thatcheria , but compared his genus with the Cones. Anyone acquainted with Thatcheria would scarcely have overlooked the need for some comparison. The sinus in Cochlioconus is described as “Sutural notch deep, fingei-like. The protoconch is known only in the case of Waitara , and the sinus of that genus, although very similar to that of Thatcheria, does differ at its point of origin, in being nar¬ rowly concave before swinging forward, whereas the sinus in Thatcheria swings forward immediately Until more evidence is available it is better to retain Waitara for New Zea¬ land usage, particularly as comparative studies of the protoconchs still need to be made. The subfamily location of these genera is problematic, for by the sutural sinus and absence of operculum ( Thatcheria ) they could be Daphnellid, yet the laige, strongly keeled thin shell suggests the Cochlespirinae . Objections to the former location are the lack of a typical Daphnellid apex (although this is not an essential) and the actual form of the sinus, which is deep Conid-like. With regard to the latter suggested location, 167 the absence of an operculum, again the sinus, and the full aperture, not narrowly tapered to a longish anterior canal, are discordant features. The pagodi±orm spiie is, of couise, quite foreign to the Conidae. In order not to prejudice the status of the other Turrid subfamilies by forcing in such an aberrant group, it seems advisable to consider Thatchcria and its allies as repre¬ sentative of a new family, closely akin or parallel to the Turridae , for it seems to have arisen from the Conidae, but probably much later and independent of the early Conid- like Turrid divergent stock as represented by the Conorbiinae. The range of Waitara is (Wheao Series) Lower Miocene to (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. Key to Species of Waitara. Aperture about equal to height of spire. Spiral sculpture very weak. Shoulder concave . Aperture about 1| times height of spire. Spiral sculpture of weak narrow lirations. Shoulder slightly convex . Spiral sculpture distinct, moderately broad, flat cords. Shoulder flat . Aperture twice height of spire. Spiral sculpture dense, crisp, moderately strong. Shoulder flat . Waitara generosa Marwick, 1931. 1931 Waitara generosa Marwick, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 13, p. 149, PI. 18, f. 339. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1327, Wheao Series?, Gisborne, Lower Miocene. Waitara waitaraensis (Marwick, 1926). 1926 Turricula waitaraensis Marwick. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 56, p. 324, PI. 74, f. 9. Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1148, Mangare Road, Upper Waitara Survey District, Taranaki (Urenuian) Upper Miocene. Waitara pagodula n. sp. PL 14, f. 7. Shell of moderate size, with pagodiform spire and spiral sculpture of weak but distinct, rather broad, low, flat cords. The spire, compared with that of the next species, liratula, is more broadly conical, the shoulder is similarly broad and flat, but more sloping, and below the keel the whorls are not so undercut. The surface is rather worn in the only available specimen, but there is evidence of about six flattened cords without intersti¬ tials from the keel to the lower suture on the spire, and two bordering threads on the outer edge of the sohulder. The sinus is exactly as in liratula .. Height, 32 mm.; diameter, 23 mm. (actual; Holotype minus lower part of body-whorl). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington. Locality: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1975, sandstone, Moutara Point, between Whangara and Tolaga Bay, Block 16, Uawa S.D., Gisborne (Urenuian or Opoitian) Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. A somewhat similar but narrower new species, not good enough for description, is represented by a single specimen from N.Z. G.S. loc. 862, Waimate River, about 20 chains below Thomas’s Hut, Waimata S.D., Gisborne, Lower Pliocene. .... *gencrosa Marwick *waitaraensis (Marwick) . *pagodtda n. sp. . *liratula n. sp. 168 Waitara liratula n. sp. PL 14, f. 8. Shell large, with short pagodiform spire and dense crisp spiral sculpture. Whorls about 10, including dome-shaped protoconch of two whorls bearing weak protractively arcuate axial growth threads (Text fig. B8). Spire whorls with a prominent sharp peri¬ pheral angulation situated just above the middle; above it there is a broad, almost flat, shoulder, and below’ the whorls slope inwards. On the body-whorl the angulation is less acute, for the base is slightly swollen above. Body-whorl gradually tapered, long, twice height of spire; canal with a broad, oblique, unnotched termination. The pillar is smooth and vertical, but with a very slight twist. The spiral sculpture is dense, crisp and moder¬ ately strong, composed of flattened cords and finer intermediates, somewhat irregularly arranged; about 95 on the body-whorl. On the spire whorls there are about 14 cords below the shoulder, two of them on the peripheral keel. Above the keel 4-6 weak spiral threads occupy the lower third of the shoulder. The sinus is sutural, narrowly concave at first, and then swinging forward far past its point of origin. Height, 79 mm.; diameter (estimated), 37 mm. (actual, 44 mm. Holotype, badly squeezed). Holotype in N.Z. Geological Survey Office, Wellington Localities: N.Z. G.S. loc. 1543, mudstone and argillaceous sandstone beds, Mangawhero Stream, Taramarama (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa; N.Z. G.S. loc. 1882, mudstone below limestone, S. end of Castle, Castlepoint (Opoitian) Lower Pliocene. GENERA AND SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL TURRID AFFINITY. Genus Heteroterma Gabb, 1869. Type (monotypy): H. trochoidcci Gabb. Paleocene, California. The family position of Heteroterma is still in doubt. Cossmann (1901) synonymised it with Tudicla, but Stewart (1927, p. 423) and Finlay and Marwick (1937, p. 84) recog¬ nise it as distinct and refer it back to Gabb’s original location in the Turridae. The genus has a broad, shallow posterior sinus, not definitely Turrid; in fact many members of the Fasciolariidae, Biiccimdidae and Neptuniidae are similarly broadly and shallowly sinused. The New Zealand (Wangaloan) Heteroterma selandica (Marshall 1917) certainly recalls the Tudiclidae in general facies, but it lacks the characteristic obliquely transverse pillar plait. There is, however, a slight thickening and ridging of the inner columellar mar¬ gin similar to that found in some of the Fasciolariidae, and for this reason as well as the absence of convincing Turrid features, I am inclined to accept Cossmann’s placing of the genus in the Tudiculinae, which Finlay and Marwick l.c. raise to Family rank. Heteroterma is typically from the Californian Paleocene, has a probable member in the Patagonian Cretaceous “Cominella” praecursor Wilckens, and is represented in the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous (Wangaloan) by the one species, //. zelandica Marshall. Pleurotoma otagoensis Wilckens, 1922. Pleurotoma otagoensis Wilckens, 1922, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 9, p. 35, from Loc. 320, Shag’ Point, Otago (Upper Senonian Cretaceous) is based upon a cluster of imperfectly preserved shells, partially embedded in a lump of hard matrix. Piotoconchs aie missing or eroded in all the specimens, but the sinus is clearly shown to be bioad and shallowly arcuate, occupying the whole of a broad shoulder No complete anterior canal is shown, so it is ’impossible to say if it is notched, channelled or simple. The most characteristic feature is the swinging forward of the outer lip in a big sweep, suddenly becoming abruptly recurrent at a basal angulation, which is secondaiy to the stiongei peiipheial 169 keel. The axials are thin and very protractively oblique, but are rendered strongly tuberculate at the periphery, also labial growth lines are rather more piominent than :s usual in the Turridue . Dr. Marwick informs me that otagoensis probably equals Peiis- soptera novoseelandica Wilckens, 1922, a species already referred to Struthioptcra Finlay & Marwick, 1937, p. 62 (Aporrhciidae). GENERA REMOVED FROM THE TURRIDAE. Genus Uttleya Marwick, 1934. Type (o.d.): U. arcana Marwick, 1934 (CastleclifRan) Uppei Pliocene, N.Z. This genus was doubtfully assigned to the Turridae, with the remarks that “The gently sinused outer lip and small size suggest the Turridae, but a similar sinus is found in the Cominellidae (e.g., Cominista glandiformis Reeve) and in other Buccinoid families. The concave set of the columella and inner lip, however, is unlike that of most Turrids and recalls that of Thaids and some Trophons. There is also a general resemblance to some Pyrenids.” As one guess is as good as another at this stage of our knowledge of this imperfectly known genus, I am inclined to refer it to the Muricidae, especially on account of the con¬ cave columella; certainly it is not a Turrid. Genus Aoteatilia Powell, 1939. Type (o.d.) : Daphnclla substriata Suter. Recent, N.Z. I proposed this (Rec. Auck. Inst. Mus. 2, p. 235) as a genus of the Pyrenidae for the reception of four New Zealand Recent species previously assigned to Daphnclla. Certainly some Turrids so closely simulate Pyrenids that their family location on external charac¬ ters is indecisive. My main reason in this instance for the transfer of Suter’s Daphnella substriata and its allies to the Pyrenidae is the fact that substriata has a persistent pink protoconch similar to that of Zemitrella sulcata and, further, sulcata, although undoubt¬ edly Pyrenid has a shallow, broad shoulder sinus identical with that of Aoteatilia, It may be noted also that Mangilia cophinodes Suter, 1908, from reference to the type, proves to belong to the Pyrenid genus Macrozafra, It also has a pink protoconch. PHYLOGENY OF THE TOXOGLOSSA. It has been already noted (p. 5) that the earliest known Turrids are at least Creta¬ ceous and that as the family had even then achieved a complex divergence we must assume a much earlier inception for the family. Gregorio (1930, p. 18) proposed Turriculina for an alleged Turrid from the Lias of Sicily. If correctly assigned, this in¬ teresting record demands an early origin for the family. The families Conidae and Terc- bridae, two other members of the Toxoglossa, are respectively more compact assemblages than the Turrids, and so it is not difficult to imagine these as offshoots from the ancestral Turrid line, particularly as both are poorly represented in the Upper Cretaceous and do not seem to occur earlier than that. Also there is marked uniformity in the dentition, all having the true toxoglossid radula. The Turridae alone exhibit diversity in the radula, covering what is considered to be prototypic, in which the presence of laterals and a central tooth as well as marginals harks back to the Raehiglossa and Taenioglossa. Two new toxoglossid families are proposed in this paper—the Thatcheriidae and the Speightiidae. The former in having marked Conid affinity in respect to its sinus is indi- 170 cated as a late Tertiary offshoot from the Conidae, while the Speightiidae covers an early wide-spread group that did not survive the Eocene. The Speightiidae is considered to be a near ally of the 7 urridac , both probably having diverged from a prototype that may have been Fusoid. In deriving the Conidae from the Turridae per ancestral Conorbiinae, I am taking into account Cossmann’s (1896) summary of von Koenen’s argument that as all of the two shell layers and part of the third in the interior parts of the upper whorls of Conorbis donnitor are resorbed as in Conns , then that genus is essentially of the Conidae. Rather, I would consider Conorbis by its Turrid sinus and protractively arcuate outer lip to be a true Turrid, and possibly the only member of this subfamily of the Turrids to possess the resorbsion habit. Certainly, Conorbis possessed this faculty to a small degree when compared with the ability of almost complete destruction of the interior whorls as ex¬ hibited by many true Cones, and for this reason, and the nature of the sinus, I see in a Conorbis- like ancestor a Turrid which was the radicle of the true Conid stock. The earliest known Conorbis seems to be C. mcnairyensis Wade, 1917, from the Ripley formation, Up¬ per Cretaceous, Tennessee. The fact remains, however, that whether Conorbis be con¬ sidered of the Conidae or of the Turridae, it at least affords the link between these two families. Similarly there can be little doubt that the Terebridae had its origin from Turrid stock in some ancestor of the subfamily Clavatulinae. The most successful early Turrid subfamily groups were the Conorbiinae, Turriculinae, Turrinae and Clavatulinae. To-day the Clavinae, Mangeliinae and Daphnellinae are the most successful. It would seem that the modern vigorous development of the families Conidae and Terebridae can be readily understood if we accept their comparatively late (Upper Cretaceous) generation from the Conorbiinae and Clavatulinae respectively. THATCHER!ID>£ CONICS “1i- TURRI D/£ TEREBRID/E COHCHBtiN* TURRIfi'C COCHLESPIRIH/E TURRICU LI N/E BORSONIIN« DAPHHELLIN*. CLAVIN/E MANGELIIN/E CLAVATULIN/E PHYLOGENY OF THE TOXOGLOSSA. Continuous heavy vertical lines represent known distribution; interrupted heavy lines, hypothetical derivations; and an X the suggested approximate point of divergence of a family. The figures (from left) are: Thatcheria mirabilis Angas (Gt.), Conus literatus Linn (Gt.), Conorbis donnitor (Sowerby) (Gt.), Turns babylonhts (Gmel.) (Gt.), Spcightia spinosa (Suter) (Gt.), Pusionella nifat (Brug.). (A Turrid closely resembling a Terehrid) and Terebra subulata (Linn.) (Gt.). Note: Gt. — Genotype. All except Pusionella are type genera for either a family or a Turrid subfamily of the Toxoglossa. 171 CRET. EOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE CRET. EOCENE OLIGOCENE M IO CENE PLIOCENE lext fi". G. Stratpgraphical Table of New Zealand Turridae. (Description on next page.) 172 Text fig. G. STRATIGRAPHICAL TABLE OF N.Z. TURRIDAE. The New Zealand distribution is shown by heavy lines—connecting parallel lines indicate probable continuity. Thin lines show foreign ranges—connecting dotted lines similarly represent unsubstanti¬ ated but probable continuity. Foreign occurrences are noted by abbreviations; these stage names are placed approximate to the N.Z. local stage names, as given in the marginal vertical sequence. Key to abbreviations:—Recent: Aus. = Australia (widely distributed), Az. — Azores, Ind. — India, Ind. O. — Indian Ocean, Ind. Pac. — Indo-Pacific, N.S.W. — New South Wales, N.W.A. — North West America, Q’ld. — Queensland, S. Aus. — South Australia, W.I. = West Indies. Pliocene: Adel. — Adelaidean, S. Australia; Cal. — Caloosahat- chee, Florida; Kal. — Kalimnan, Victoria. Miocene: Bal. — Balcombian, Victoria; Bow. — Bowden, Jamaica; Jan. = Janjukian, Victoria. Oligocene: Vic. — Vicksburgian, Southern United States. Eocene: Bar. — Bartonian, England; Cla. — Claibornian; and Jac. — Jacksonian. Southern United States. The numerous European stage names are not indicated, but their ranges are plotted. Details of occurrences are available in Cossmann’s Ess. Pal. Comp. 2. STRATIGRAPHICAL RESULTS. In spite of the present large total of 389 species of New Zealand Turrids and the fact that most of them are fossils, only 79 being of Recent occurrence, it is certain that a considerable percentage of fossil species will eventually be added to the present census. The most productive stages have been the Awamoan, Hutchinsonian and Tahuian of the middle and lower Tertiary, while the four Pliocene divisions can be considered toler¬ ably well known. In the accompanying stratigraphical table most of the lineages are shown to com¬ mence abruptly at the Hutchinsonian, while others represented in the (Bortonian and Tahuian) Eocene are missing from the Oligocene stages, but reappear in the basal (Hut¬ chinsonian) Miocene. The Upper Oligocene in New Zealand is represented by a few good fossiliferous localities—Otiake, Wharekuri and Chatton—but the complete absence of macro-fossils from the Middle and Lower Oligocene presents a blind spot in the sequence. Local dredging results have shown that Turrid species exhibit a narrow range of pre¬ ference in respect to the nature and texture of the substratum. Thus apparent anomalies in distribution shown by discontinuity in the table can be accounted foi in some instances by the absence of the requisite substratum in lespect to the known fossiliferous localities. Another blank is occasioned by the absence of a fossiliferous Lower Eocene link between the (Bortonian) Middle Eocene and the (Wangaloan) Upper Cretaceous. The graphic presentation of the stratigraphical table makes detailed notes superflu- ous the ranges of genera for the individual stages being apparent at a glance. New Zealand lineages are shown by heavy lines, connected by parallel lines where gaps oc¬ casioned by apparently incomplete records occur. Extensions by means of thin lines and fine dots indicate foreign ranges of these genera. Localities and stages, approximately equivalent to the New Zealand stratigraphical scheme, are indicated by symbols which are explained in a footnote to the diagram. A notable feature emphasized by this diagram, but only in respect to New Zealand, is the late development of the Mangeliinae and Daphnellinae, which are here unrepresented earlier than the Oligocene and are not well developed until the Miocene.* Conversely the Conorbiinae is strongly represented from the Cretaceous to the Miocene, after which only one local genus succeeds to Rece nt times. Five of the eight subfamihes are repiesented •In the S.E. United States of America both subfamilies are represented in the (Claibornian) Middle Eocene. 173 in the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous, so, as already noted, a long previous development for the family is indicated. One subfamily, the Clavatulmae, is unrepresented, its distn- bution being mainly Recent African, with some Southern European and Asiatic Tertiary members, as well as a Central American Tertiary to Recent genus. Some extraordinary inclusions in the fauna such as Microdrillia and Eubela illustrate how incomplete is our knowledge of the geographic range of certain Turrid genera of wide or apparently dis- continuous” distribution. The system of New Zealand geological stage names used heiein is that of Finlay and Marwick (1940, pp. 77-135). Their synoptic table is reproduced below. TABLE OP NEW ZEALAND STAGE NAMES. Upper Pliocene Middle Lower Upper Miocene ■ Middle Lower Upper Oligocene Middle Lower Castlecliffian (Thomson) Nukumaruan (Morgan) \ Waitotaran (Thomson) ^ Opoitian (Finlay) y Urenuian (Henderson) I Tongaporutuan (Marwick) Awamoan (Thomson) Hutehinsonian (Thomson) ) > 5 (Taranakian) ( Waitakian (Park) | [Includes Duntroonian (Allan)] Whaingaroan (Finlay) Kaiatan (Morgan) [Includes Waiarekan (Thomson)] | (Ototaran) ( Upper Eocene - Middle [ Lower Cretaceous Danian Tahuian (Allan) Bortonian (Park) [Present but not named] Wangaloan (Morgan) (Waimatean) 174 REFERENCES. Adams, H. & A. 1853. 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Agladrillia. 09, 10^. agnata, Bathytoma; Micantapex . 52 alabaster, Drillia . 103 alba, Columbella; Mitrithara. 122 albula, Pleurotoma; Bathytoma; Maoritomeila 116 aliciae, Mangilia (Glyphostoma); Etrema . . 150 alpha, Austrodrillia; Aoteadrillia 90 a It a, Pleurotoma; Tunis, Parasyrinx . 69 amoena, Drillia; Neoguraleus . 139 Anacithara . 3 5, ^55 Anacithara axialis. 156 Anacithara clifdenica . 155 Anacithara errabunda . 156 Anacithara finlayi . 1-56 Anacithara riana . 156 Ancistrosyrinx . 68 Andicula . 166 angasi, Drillia. 39 angustata, Columbella; Alcira; Mitrellatoma 110 antecostata, Bathytoma. 113 antegypsata, Surcula . 59 anterior canal, taxonomic value of . 27, 2S Anticomitas . 30, 61 Anticomitas vivens . 61 Antiguraleus, A Turrid resembling Trophon 5, 34, 146 Antiguraleus abnormis . 146 Antiguraleus deceptus . 146 Antiguraleus fenestratus. 148 Antiguraleus infandus . 147 Antiguraleus mundus. Antiguraleus murrheus . Antiguraleus otagoensis . Antiguraleus pedicus . Antiguraleus rossianus . Antiguraleus subtruncatus . Antiguraleus taranakiensis . Antimelatoma . Antimelatoma ahiparana . Antimelatoma benthicola . Antimelatoma bucbanani . Antimelatoma buchanani maorum . . antipodum, Pleurotoma . Aoteadrillia . Aoteadrillia alpha. Aoteadrillia apicarinata. Aoteadrillia asper . Aoteadrillia beta . Aoteadrillia bisecta. Aoteadrillia bulbacea. Aoteadrillia callimorpha . Aoteadrillia consequens. Aoteadrillia exigua. Aoteadrillia finlayi . Aoteadrillia gamma . Aoteadrillia ihungia . Aoteadrillia otagoensis . Aoteadrillia rawitensis. Aoteadrillia thomsoni . Aoteadrillia trifida . Aoteadrillia waihuaensis. Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis . Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis chordata Aoteatilia . apicarinata, Drillia; Aoteadrillia .. Apiotoma . arcana, Uttleya .. asper, Inquisitor; Aoteadrillia. Asperdaphne . Asperdaphne aculeata . Asperdaphne ula .. Asthenotoma .. atractoides, Genota . Page. . 147 . 147 . 147 . 14S . 148 . 147 . 146 32, 97 98 98 97 97 , . 116 33, 87 90 90 90 90 92 89 89 90 88 93 90 89 89 89 90 91 91 91 92 . . 170 90 65 ... 170 90 35. 162 ... 162 .. . 162 101 , 111 52 180 Page. Page. augusta, Pleurotoma (L.); Turns; Para- comitas . 62 Australian Tertiary Turrids. 7 Austroclavus . 33, 118 Austroclavus awakinoensis . 120 Austroclavus clifdenensis . 119 Austroclavus finlayi . 119 Austroclavus kaipara . 119 Austroclavus marshalli . 120 Austroclavus nitens . 119 Austroclavus tenuispiralis . 119 Austrodrillia . 33, 84, 98 Austrodrillia (RegidriIlia) sola . 99 Austrotoma . 32, 71 Austrotoma ampla . 77 Austrotoma clifdenica . 74 Austrotoma cryptoconoidea . 75 Austrotoma deducta . 77 Austrotoma echinata . 74 Austrotoma excavata . 74 Austrotoma eximia . 73 Austrotoma finlayi . 73 Austrotoma gem mu lata . 7G Austrotoma gracilicostata . 77 Austrotoma inaequabilis . 73 Austrotoma indiscreta . 73 Austrotoma kaiparaensis. 73 Austrotoma lawsi . 75 Austrotoma minor. 75 Austrotoma molinei . 74 Austrotoma neozelanica . 75 Austrotoma nervosa . 7G Austrotoma obsoleta . 76 Austrotoma prolixa. 77 Austrotoma scopalveus . 75 Austrotoma toreuma . 73 awamoaensis, Drillia; Pleurotoma; Inquisitor 95 Awateria . 34, 128 Awateria defossa . 129 Awateria echinata . 130 Awateria evanida . 131 Awateria karakaensis . 129 Awateria marwicki . 129 Awateria mollyae . 131 Awateria personata. 130 Awateria retiolata. 131 Awateria streptophora . 131 Awateria thomsoni . 130 Awateria wairoaensis. 131 axialis, Mangilia; Anacithara . 156 B. bassi, Apiotoma . 65 bathentoma, Daphnella; Nepotilla . 158 Bathytoma . 30, 51 Bathytoma bartrumi. 51 Bathytoma finalyi . 52 Bathytoma haasti . 51 Bathytoma mitchelsoni . 54 Belophos . 32 71 beta, Austrodrillia; Aoteadrillia . 90 bijuga, Austrodrillia; Syntomodrillia (Hau- turua ) . 106 bilineata, Clathurella; Heterocithara . 157 bimarginatus, Turris; Gemmula. 49 blandiata, Mangilia; Scrinium. 127 Borsonella . 34 ^ 122 Borsonella sinelirata. 122 Borsonia . 34 ( 120 Borsonia clifdenensis . 121 Borsonia mitromorphoides . 121 Borsonia prima . 120 Borsonia zelandica . 121 Borsoniinae . 29, 34 , 120 brazieri, Mitromorpha; Scrinium. 126 buchanani, Pleurotoma; Drillia; Antimelatoma 97 buchanani maorum, Surcula; Antimelatoma 97 bulbacea, Pleurotoma; Spirotropis; Aotea¬ drillia ... 89 c. callimorpha, Drillia; Aoteadrillia . 89 callimorpha, Euthria; Scrinium . 127 Campylacrum . 30, 47 Campylacrum debile . 47 Campylacrum sanum . 47 canaliculata, Bela (Buchozia); Rugobela ... 161 Carinacomitas . 30, 60 castlecliffensis, Surcula; Paracomitas . 62 chariessa, Daphnella; Zenepos . 159 cheesemani, Drillia; Bathytoma . 109 chordata, Drillia; Aoteadrillia. 92 cinctuta, Austrodrillia; Mauidrillia . 85 clarae, Pleurotoma; Carinacomitas . 60 classification; difficulties . 5, 6 historical summary . 24 Clathrodrillia . 93 Clathurina . 162 Clavatoma . 33, 106 Clavatoma pulchra . 107 Clavatulinae . 29, 31 Clavicantha . US Clavinae . 29, 32, 84 Clavus . 33, 118 Clavus flammulatus . H 8 Clavus vidualoides . US clifdenica, Daphnella; Maoridaphne . 163 climacota, Surcula, Zemacies . 67 C'ochlespira . 30, 68 Cochlespirinae . 29, 30, 68 Cochlioconus . I 6 ? columbelloides, Daphnella; Rugobela. 160 comatotropis, Pleurotoma (Mangelia); Micro- drillia . - 1 - 16 Comitas . 30, 57 Comitas abnormis . 59 181 Page. Page. 59 Comitas allani . M Comitas bilix . K U Comitas declivis . Comitas fusiformis . " K M Comitas imperfecta . Comitas kaipara . " Comitas latescens . Comitas latiaxialis . Comitas onokeana . /» A Comitas ? solitaria. Comitas (Carinacomitas) subcarinapex. Comitas trailli . ^ commentica, Drillia; Microdrillia. 116 complicatus, Turris; Eoturris . ^ Compsodrillia . 170 171 Conidae, origin. A ‘ u ’ Conorbiinae . 29, 32, 71 Conorbis ..;. 32, J 1 derivation, resorbsion habit, earliest species 1 < 1 conospira, Cordieria; Rugobela . 160 consequens, Austrodrillia; Aoteadrillia .... 90 consutilis, Pleurotoma, Mauidrillia . 85 cophinodes, Mangilia; Macrozafra. 170 Cordieria . oi ’ Cordieria haasti . 121 Cordieria huttoni. 121 Cordieria iberica . 1 2 ^ Cordieria rudis . I 21 Cordieria verrucosa . 12 1 coriorudis, Inquisitor; Pseudoinquisitor - 96 corrugata, Clathurella . 181 . on A Q Cosmasynnx . 0:7 Cosmasyrinx ardua. 7 0 Cosmasyrinx latior . 70 Cosmasyrinx monilifera. 70 Cosmasyrinx semilirata . <0 Cosmasyrinx tereumera. 7 ^ cossmani, Pleurotoma; Microdrillia . 116 costifer, Drillia (C.); Mauidrillia . 87 crassilirata, Bela; Liratomina. 72 Crassispira . 33, 93, 106 crassispiralis, Phenatoma (C.); Tomopleura 112 C'rassispirella . 101 Cryptoconus. 32, 71, 72 Cryptodaphne . 85, 164 Cryptodaphne pssudodrillia . 165 Cryptogemma . 47 Cryptomella . HO curialis, Turris . 63 curtata, Turricula; Marshallena . 83 D. dalli, Borsonia; Borsonella . 122 Daphnella . 35, 157 Daphnella cancellata . 157 Daphnellinae . 29, 35, 157 decomposita, Genotia; Micantapex . 52 dictyota, Clathurella; Liracraea . 150 dilecta, Drillia; Maoritomella distincta, Eubela . Drillia. Drillia umbilicata . duplex, Turris; Gemmula ... 113 165 32, 84 84 48 E. earliest N.Z. Turrids. earliest Turrid . Echinoturris . Echinoturris finlayi. Eldridgea . engonia, Pleurotoma (Genota) Eopleurotonm. Eoscobinella . Eoscobinella tahuia . Eothesbia . Eothesbia microtomoides Eoturris . Eoturris complicatus . 6 5, 170 29, 50 51 . . 118 52, 56 46, 65 34, 122 . . 122 34, 132 . . 132 29, 46 46 Eoturris multicinctus . 46 Eoturris neglectus. 46 Eoturris uttleyi . 46 Epalxis . 52 epentroma, Clathurella; Liracraea. 149 epentroma whangaroaensis, Clathurella, Lira¬ craea . 150 equispiralis, Surcula. 66 esdailei, Turricula; Marshallena . 83 Etrema. 35, 150 Etrema kaipara . 150 Etremopsis . 35, 151 Etremopsis aequisculpta . 153 Etremopsis carinapex . 153 Etremopsis clifdenica . 152 Etremopsis compta . 152 Etremopsis elata . 153 Etremopsis erecta . 152 Etremopsis haroldi . 154 Etremopsis imperfecta . 153 Etremopsis latiapex . 154 Etremopsis oamarutica . 154 Etremopsis quadrispiralis . 154 Eubela . 35, 165 Eubela awakinoensis . 165 Eubela monile . 165 Eugemmula. 13, 47 Eumetadrillia . 99, 102 excavata, Batliytoma; Austrotoma. 74 excavata, Defranchia; Genota; Phenatoma (Cryptomella); Tomopleura. 113 exigua, Inquisitor; Aoteadrillia . 88 exiguescens, Austrodrillia; Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) . 106 exirnia, Bathytoma; Austrotoma . 73 182 F Page. Page. fastosa, Pleurotomella; Microdrillia . no Fenestrosyrinx. 30, 56 Fenestrosyrinx gratiosa . 57 Fenestrosyrinx nexilis . 57 Fenestrosyrinx nexilis bicarinatus . 57 filaris, Epideira; Micantapex. 54 filiculosa, Austrodrillia; Splendrillia . 101 Finlay, H. J., acknowledgment . 7 finlayi, Parasyrinx; Tahusyrinx . 68 finlayi, “Turris”; Echinoturris . 51 flexicostata, Mangilia; Stilla . 159 formosa, Verconella; Marshallaria . 81 fortinodosa, Epideira; Micantapex. 54 fraudator, Inquisitor; Pseudoinquisitor. 96 fusiformis, Drillia; Comitas . 58 Fusiguraleus . 34, 139 G. H. liaasti, Clavatula; Bathytoma hamiltoni, Pleurotoma; Zemacies hampdenensis, Surcula . harpularia, Pleurotoma; Splendrillia Hauturua .33, 105 hawera, Bathytoma; Micantapex. 55 liebes, Inquisitor; Pseudoinquisitor. 99 hebes, Pleurotoma; Lapparia; Vexithara; Puha . 164 hemiothone, Columbella; Scrinium . 126 Hemipleurotoma . 47^ 65 Heterocithara. 35 157 Heterocithara laterculus . 157 Heterocithara mediocris . 157 Heteroterma . 169 liormorphora, Clathurella; Eubela. 165 humerosa, Clavatula; Rugobela . 160 huttoni, Pseudotoma . 75 huttoni, Mangilia; Neoguraleus . 137 huttoni, Surcula . 58 gamma, Austrodrillia; Aoteadrillia . 90 gemmata, Mitromorpha; Mitrithara . 124 gernmea, Pleurotoma; Paracomitas. 62 Gemmula . 29, 47 Gemmula bimarginata . 49 Gemmula clifdenensis . 49 Gemmula disjuncta . 50 Gemmula duplex . 48 Gemmula kaiparaensis. 49 Gemmula lawsi . 50 Gemmula longwoodensis . 49 Gemmula margaritata . 48 Gemmula orba . 50 Gemmula ornata . 49 Gemmula peraspera . 50 Gemmula polita . 48 Gemmula reticulata. 4S Gemmula waihaoensis . 49 genera, List of new. 23 number in family . 6 genera of Turridae, Key to. 29 Genota . 32, 78 Glyphostoma . 35, 150 goniodes, Hemifusus (M.); Notogenota. 79 goodingii, Pleurotoma (Mangilia) . 135 gracilenta, Mangilia; Neoguraleus (Fusigura¬ leus) . 144 gracilicostata, Voluta; Austrotoma. 77 granata, Daphnella; Fenestrosyrinx . .. 57 Grant, J., acknowledgment. 7 granti, Pleurotoma; Apiotoma. 65 gratiosa, Bathytoma; Fenestrosyrinx . 57 gravida, Surcula; Zemacies . 66 Guraleus . 34, 132 Gymnobela . 128, 130 gypsata, Pleurotoma (D.); Surcula; Paraco¬ mitas . 62 I. ihungia, Inquisitor; Aoteadrillia . 89 imperfecta, Drillia; Etremopsis . 153 incertus, Belophos . 82 infanda, Mangilia; Antiguraleus . 147 infelix, Bela (Buchozia); Rugobela. 161 Inquisitor. 32, 93, 95 Inquisitor awamoaensis . 95 Inquisitor komiticus . 95 Inquisitor sterrha . 95 Inquisitor waihaoensis . 95 insonsus, Turris; Eoturris neglectus. 46 Insolentia . 30, 63 Tnsolentia eleg~ntula . 64 Insolentia famelica . 63 Insolentia inaequalis. 63 Insolentia laciniata . 63 Insolentia pareoraensis . 64 Insolentia seminuda . 64 Insolentia sertula. 63 Insolentia solitaria . 60 integra, Drillia; Integradrillia . 94 Integradrillia . Integradrillia integra . 94 68 Irenosyrinx . ischna, Pleurotoma; Turris; Maoritomella. . 116 Itia... 34, 124 Itia clatrata Itia regis . 124 125 J. jaffaensis, Drillia; Mauidrillia ... janjukiensis, Turris; Apiotoma . javana, Turricula . johnstoni, Pleurotoma; Insolentia 183 Page. K. . 119 kaipara, Clavus, Austroclavus • •- ^. 163 kaiparica, Daphnella; Maor,daphne.. • ^ kaiparaensis, Kermia . koruahinensis Turris; Gemmula is Austrodrillla; Splendrillta 35 , 162 . . 101 L. 63 159 laciniata, Surcula; Insolentia . lacunosa, Daphnella; Zenepos ... Ha laevella, Austrodrillla; Syntomodnlha (H turua) . laevis, Pleurotoma; Drillia. 1Q4 laevis parva, Drillia .. .. lamellosa, Clathurella; Nepotilla. latescens, Pleurotoma; Comitas . latiaxialis, Surcula; Comitas . T aws C R„ acknowledgment . leptosonia, Clathurella; Mangilia; Neogura- leus (Fusiguraleus) . 106 104 158 58 58 144 68 Leucosyrinx limacina, Pleurotoma (Bela); Eubela. ^ lineatus, Guraleus; Neoguraleus.^ 14g Liracraea 150 Liracraea dictyota. 149 Liracraea epentroma 150 Liracraea odhneri . 149 Liracraea otakauica . ' Liracraea subantarctica. Liracraea titirangiensis. Liracraea whangaroaensis . Lirasyrinx . Lirasyrinx anomala. lissotropis, Drillia, Syntomodrillia. luteo-fasciata, Defranchia . lyallensis, Drillia; Neoguraleus . lygdina, Melatoma; Austroclavus . lymnaeformis, Pleurotoma; Daphnella. l ,r >™ 149 150 150 30, 69 69 . 105 . 135 M. Mangeliinae . maorum, Drillia; Anti melatoma Maoridaphne. Maoridaphne clifdenica . Maoridaphne haroldi. Maoridaphne kaiparica . Maorimorpha . Maorimorpha secunda . Maorimorpha suteri . Maoritomella . Maoritomella albula . Maoritomella annosa . Maoritomella ischna . Maoritomella multiplex . Maoritomella pagodula . Maoritomella pukeuriensis . . . 34, 132 97 36, 162 163 163 163 o A 125 126 126 q q OOj 113 116 114 116 116 115 114 Page. Maoritomella robusta . Maoritomella rupta . Maoritomella sola . Maoritomella studiosorum . Maoritomella subalbula . Maoritomella torquatella . margaritata, Turris; Gemmula . marginalis, Surcula; Zemacies . Marshallaria. Marshallaria formosa. Marshallaria multicincta . Marshallaria senilis . Marshallaria senta . Marshallaria spiralis . Marshallaria uttleyi . Marshallaria waitakiensis. Marshallena . Marshallena anomala . Marshallena austrotomoides . Marshallena carinaria . Marshallena celsa . Marshallena curtata . Marshallena decens . Marshallena esdailei . Marshallena impar . Marshallena neozelanica . Marshallena serotina . Marwick, J., acknowledgment . material, Sources of . Mauidrillia. Mauidrillia acuta. Mauidrillia angustata . Mauidrillia cinctuta. Mauidrillia clavicula. Mauidrillia costifer . Mauidrillia inaequalis. Mauidrillia imparilirata . Mauidrillia praecophinodes . Mauidrillia supralaevis . Mauidrillia unilirata . mayi, Hemipleurotoma; Fenestrosynnx media, Epideira; Micantapex . Megasurcula. membranacea, Pleurotoma (Thesbia), nella; Xanthodaphne . metcalfei, Drillia; Vexitomina . meyeri, Pleurotoma; Microdrillia. Micantapex . Micantapex angustatus . Micantapex discors . Micantapex filaris . Micantapex finlayi . Micantapex fortinodosus . Micantapex medius . Micantapex murdochi. Micantapex ngatapa . Micantapex paucispiralis . Micantapex pergracilis . Micantapex praecisus. Micantapex proavitus. 115 114 114 115 116 115 48 32, 79 81 80 80 81 81 80 . . . 81 32, 82 . . . 83 . . . 84 . . . 83 . .. 83 ... S3 ... 83 83 83 .... 82 .... 82 7 7 . . 33, 85 87 .... 87 85 . 86 . 87 . 86 . 86 . 87 . 86 . 87 .... 57 . 53 ... 32,71 Daph- . 166 . 77 . 116 ... 30, 52 . 55 . 54 . 54 . 55 . 54 . 53 ’. 55 ’ ’. 53 ’ ’. 55 ’ ’. 5 ....... 53 54 184 cc Micantapex tenuinetus . Microdrillia. Microdrillia pakaurangia . mimica, Daphnella; Zenepos . minor, Belophos; Austrotoma. minuta, Drillia; Zenepos. Mitrellatoma. Mitrellatoma angusta . Mitrithara . Mitrithara barrierensis . Mitrithara brachyspira . Mitrithara formosa . Mitrithara gemmata . Mitrithara granum . Mitrithara granulifera . Mitrithara sutherlandica . Mitrithara waitakiensis . Mitromorpha, Turrid resembling Mitrid Moniliopsis . Monilispira ... mordax, Surcula; Eoturris complicatus morgani, Mangilia; Neoguraleus . multicincta, Daphnella; Marshallaria . multicinctus, Turris; Eoturris. multiplex, Drillia; Maoritomella. munda, Mangilia; Antiguraleus . murdochi, Asperdaplme; Neoguraleus murdochi, Bathytoma; Micantapex . . . murrhea, Mangilia, Antiguraleus . N. naufraga, Mangilia; Anacitliara neglectus, Turris; Eoturris .... Nepotilla . Nepotilla bartrumi . Nepotilla finlayi . Nepotilla nitidula . Nepotilla vera .. Neoguraleus ... Neoguraleus amoenus . Neoguraleus benthicola . Neoguraleus deceptus . Neoguraleus finlayi . Neoguraleus huttoni. Neoguraleus interruptus . Neoguraleus lineatus . Neoguraleus lyallensis . Neoguraleus manukauensis Neoguraleus morgani . Neoguraleus murdochi. Neoguraleus ngatuturaensis Neoguraleus nukumaruensis . . . Neoguraleus oruaensis. Neoguraleus protensus . Neoguraleus sandersonae . Neoguraleus sinclairi . Neoguraleus tenebrosus . Neoguraleus waihuaensis . jt age. Page. Neoguraleus whangaroaensis . 135 33, 116 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) angustatus 143 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) exsculptus 143 ... 159 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) flexicostatus 141 75 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) gracilentus 144 ... 159 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) granulatus 143 33, 109 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) lawsi . . . 142 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) leptosomus . 144 34, 122 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) marwicki 142 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) major . . . 141 ... 123 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) nutans ... 140 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) platycostatus 140 ... 124 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) porrectus . . 142 ... 123 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) raricostatus ... 141 ... 124 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) rigidus .. 142 ... 123 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) satus . 144 . .. 123 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) subobsoletus .. 143 . . 5,34 Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) sutherlandicus. . 144 ... 107 neozelanica, Bela; Scrinium . 128 106, 107 neozelanica, Glavatula ( P. ); Austrotoma ... 75 46 neozelanica, Daphnella (R.); Marshallena .. 82 ... 138 nexilis, Clathurella; Fenestrosyrinx .... 57 80 nexilis bicarinatus, Turris (H.); Fenestro- 46 syrinx . 57 116 147 134 55 147 . . 155 46 35, 158 . . 158 . . 158 . . 159 . . 158 ngatapa, Epideira; Micantapex. 53 ngatuturaensis, Guraleus; Neoguraleus . 138 nitens, Surcula; Austroclavus . 119 nodilirata, Pleurotoma . 55 nodosoliratus, Ptychatractus; Vexithara .... 125 nomenclature, synopsis of all Turrid genera 7-24 Notogenota . 32, 78 Notogenota, finlayi . 79 Notogenota goniodes . 79 Notogenota pahiensis . 79 novaezelandiae, Pleurotoma; Drillia; Phena- toma . 108 Number of N.Z. genera and species of Turridae 6 0 . 34, 132 . . 139 . . 136 . . 133 . . 137 . . 137 . . 136 . . 139 . . 138 . . 137 . . 138 . . 134 . . 13S . . 134 . . 137 . . 139 . . 136 . . 135 , . 138 . . 138 oamarutica, Surcula; Turricula; Comitas oblongula, Inquisitor . occidentals, Surcula; Andicula . operculum, taxonomic value of. optabilis, Drillia; Vexitomina . optima, Bela (Acrobela); Microdrillia ... ordinaria, Surcula; Zemacies . ordinatum, Cominella; Scrinium. ornatus, Turris; Gemula... otagoensis, Pleurotoma . ovata, Daphnella . Oxyacrum . 59 94 166 27, 28 78 117 66 127 49 169 80 47 P. pagoda, Pleurotoma Paracomitas . Paracomitas augusta 69 30, 61 62 185 Page. g9 Paracomitas castlecliffensis ... . . t)Z Paracomitas gemmea. Paracomitas gypsata . ^ Paracomitas protransenna .' . .... 30, bo Parasyrmx . ,, by Parasyrmx alta . Parasyrinx subalta .. pareoraensis, Pleurotoma; Surcula; Insolentia patricia; Pleurotoma (O.); Microdrillia - 1 pergracilis, Epideira; Micantapex . perlata, Bathytoma; Phenatoma . 103 pertinax, Turridrupa; Microdrillia. 116 107 Phenatoma . ,Jt5, 1 10S Phenatoma decessor. ios Phenatoma lawsi . 1AO Phenatoma novaezelandiae . 10S Phenatoma perlata . Phenatoma precursor . 108 . 1 AO Phenatoma zealandica. Philbertia . 35 ’ 162 Phylogeny of the toxoglossa . I 70 171 diagram . Plates, description of, following . plebeja, Eubela. 1^ plicatella, Pleurotoma . 108 politus, Turris; Gemmula. 48 Pontiothauma . 166 pouloensis, Oligotoma; Tomopleura . HO powelli, Awateria; Splendrillia. 102 praecisa, Epideira; Micantapex . 53 praecophinodes, Mangilia; Mauidrillia . 87 pritchardi, Genotia; Micantapex. 52 protensa, Daphnella; Neoguraleus . 139 protoconch, taxonomic value of . 26, 28 protransenna, Surcula; Parasyrinx; Paracomi¬ tas . Pseudodaphnella. Pseudoinquisitor . Pseudoinquisitor coriorudis . Pseudoinquisitor fraudator . Pseudoinquisitor hebes . Pseudoinquisitor oblongula. Pesudoinquisitor problematicus . Pseudoinquisitor wailioraensis . Puha . Puha fulgida . Puha hebes . Puha sinusigera . pulchra, Bela, Beiatomina. pullulascens, Pleurotoma; Mauidrillia .... Pusionella, Turrid resembling Terebrid .. 62 35, 162 32, 96 96 96 96 94 96 96 36, 163 . . 164 . . 164 . . 164 . . 72 85 R. radulae . taxonomic value of. criticism of .. rawitensis, Austrodrillia; Aoteadrillia References, list of . 25, 28 25 89 . 175 Regidrillia . regis, Mitrithara; Itia . regius, Turris . reticulata, Turris; Gemmula . rhomboidalis, Pleurotoma; Micantapex robust, Bela. rosea, Pleurotoma . rudis, Clathurella; Cordieria . Rugobela . Rugobela canaliculata . Rugobela humerosa . Rugobela infelix . Rugobela nodulosa . Rugobela semilaevigata. Rugobela sepelibilis . Rugobela tenuicostata . Rugobela tenuilirata. Rugobela tersa. rupta, Filodrillia; Maoritomella . 33, 98 . 125 49 48 52 75 . . 108 . . 121 35, 160 . . 161 . . 160 . . 161 . . 161 . . 161 . . 161 . . 161 . . 161 . . 161 . . 114 S. sandleroides, Pleurotoma; Syntomodrillia .. 105 sata, Liracraea; Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) 144 sayceana, Pleurotoma . 52 Scabrella . 152 schoutanica, Drillia. 85 Scobinella. 84, 107, 122 Scrinium . 84, 126 Scrinium blandiatum . 127 Scrinium callimorphum . 127 Scrinium finlayi . 127 Scrinium neozelanicum . 128 Scrinium ordinatum . 127 Scrinium sandersonae . 128 Scrinium stirophorum . 127 Scrinium strongi . 127 Scrinium thomsoni . 127 sculptilis, Bela; Liratomina . 72 seminuda, Surcula; Insolentia. 64 senilis, Siphonalia; Marshallaria . 80 sepelibilis “Guraleus,” Rugobela . 161 serotina, Surcula; Marshallena . 82 sertula, Surcula; Insolentia . 63 sinclairi, Drillia; Pleurotoma; Mangilia; Neo¬ guraleus . 185 sinus, taxonomic value of. 27 solitaria, Insolentia; Comitas ? . 60 Speightia . 166 Speightia spinosa. 167 Speightiidae .166, 170 spinosa, Euthriofusus; Speightia . 167 spiralis, Verconella; Marshallaria . 81 Splendrillia . 33 , 99 Splendrillia aequistriata . 162 Splendrillia afflicta . 161 Splendrillia annectens . 163 Splendrillia anomala . 163 Splendrillia aoteana . I 6 4 186 Splendrillia armata . Splendrillia clava .... Splendrillia clifdenensis . Splendrillia cristata . Splendrillia debilis . Splendrillia edita . Splendrillia filiculosa . Splendrillia koruahinensis .•. Splendrillia larochei . Splendrillia Iincta . Splendrillia otagoensis . Splendrillia powelli. stage names, Table of N.Z. steira, Filodrillia; Maoritomella. Steiraxis . sterrha Plenrotoma; Inquisitor . Stilla. Stilla delicatula . Stilla flexicostata. Stilla paucicostata . stirophora, Euthria; Scrinium. Stratigraphical results . Stratigraphical table of N.Z. Turridae striatus, Turris; Cryptomella; Tomopleura studiosorum, Filodrillia; Maoritomella .... subalbula, Pleurotoma; Maoritomella subaltus, Leucosyrinx; Parasyrinx . subfamilies of Turridae, Key to . subfamily names, basis . substriata, Daphnella; Aoteatilia. sulcata, Pleurotoma . Surculites . suteri, Bathytoma . suteri, Mitromorpha; Alcira; Maorimorpha sykesii, Clathurella; Veprecula . Syntomodrillia . Syntomodrillia waiauensis . Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) bijuga. Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) exiguescens . . Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) laevella . Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) vivens. Page. Page. . . 103 Thetidos . Tholitoma . . . 101 Tholitoma dolorosa . . . 102 thomsoni, Surcula; Andicula . . 104 tiara, Pleurotoma (M.); Microdrillia . . 103 Tomopleura ... . . 101 Tomopleura clifdenica . . 101 Tomopleura crassispiralis . . 104 Tomopleura excavata . . . 101 Tomopleura finlayi . 104 Tomopleura nivea . . . . . 102 Tomopleura striata . . 174 Tomopleura transenna .. . 113 Tomopleura waiauensis . 68 torquatella, Filodrillia; Maoritomella . 115 93, 95 torticostata, Surcula; Zemacies 35, 159 totolirata, Daphnella; Zenepos . 160 trailli, Pleurotoma; Drillia; Comitas . 60 . 159 transenna, Leucosyrinx; Pleurotoma; (C'ryp- 160 tomella), Tomopleura. . 127 triseriata, Daphnella; Nepotilla . .. . 158 . 173 tuberculata, Pleurotoma . . 172 Turriculina, Lias of Sicily . .... 5, 170 . Ill Turriculinae . 29, 30, 57 . 115 Turridrupa. 33 117 . 116 Turridrupa acutigemmata . 117 69 Turridrupa maoria . 117 29 Turrinae. 29 46 24 Tylotia . 118 170 Tvnhosvrinx .. 166 75 78, 79 75 . . 12G . . 158 33, 105 . . 105 , . 106 . 106 . . 106 . 106 u. ula, Pleurotoma (Drillia); Bela; Asperdaphne 162 Uttleya . 170 uttleyi, Turris; Eoturris .•. 46 uttleyi, Turris (partim); Eoturris complicatus 46 uttleyi, Verconella; Marshallaria. 80 V. T. Tahudrillia . 33 , 99 Tahudrillia simplex. 99 Tahusyrinx . 30, 68 Tahusyrinx finlayi. 68 taranakiensis, Mangilia; Antiguraleus . 146 taxonomic characters, summary of . 28 tenebrosus, Guraleus; Neoguraleus. 138 tenuiliratus, Ptychatractus; Rugobela . 161 tenuineta, Epideira; Micantapex . 54 tenuispiralis, Drillia; Austroclavus . 119 Terebridae, origin . 171 tersa, Austrodrillia; Rugobela. 161 Thatcheria. 167 Thatcheriidae . 167 , 170 Thesbia . 31 131 varicostata, Daphnella. Veprecula . Veprecula cooperi . verrucosa, Surcula . versivestita, Daphnella; Asperdaphne vestalis, Daphnella; Fenestrosyrinx . Vexiguraieus . Vexiguraleus clifdenensis . vexilliformis, Antimitra; Vexithara . Vexithara. Vexithara nodosolirata . Vexithara vexilliformis . Vexitomina . Vexitomina optabilis . viabrunnea, Genota; Micantapex . Vixinquisitor . vixumbilicata, Drillia . . . 161 35, 158 .. 158 60 .. 162 57 34, 145 . . 145 . . 125 34, 125 .. 125 .. 125 32, 77 78 . . 52 95 95 187 w. Page ' z. Page. waihaoensis, Turns; Gemmula.• •- waihoraensis, Inquisitor; Pseudoinquisitor .. 49 96 167 zealandica, Pleurotoma; Phenatoma ... zelandica, Volutoderma; Borsoma. . 108 . 121 . . . 30, 65 168 169 Zemacies armata . . 67 168 . 67 Waitara pagodula . 16S /j (3111Clt-< LUiliU-vui-vv 67 Waitara waitaraensis . 168 ZiOmacioo tjictn'ji . .... 66 waitaraensis, Turricula; Waitaia . Zemacies giaviuct. 66 wanganuiensis, Pleurotoma; Dnllia, Aotea 91 Zemacies .. . 66 99 66 woodsi, Drillia, Splendnllia . /^6niclClGb liviuui .. 66 Zemacies maigmans . . 66 Zemacies oicunana . 67 X. Zemacies pienciievinei. . 67 Zemacies .. . 66 xanthias, Pleurotoma (Thesbia); Dapbnella, 166 Zemacies .. . . 35, 159 Xanthodaphne . o r 166 Zenepos cliariessa . .... 159 159 166 Zenepos lacunosa . . 159 Xanthodapnne meniuicuicicea . 166 Xanthodaphne xanthias . ZeilGpOS lOLO l 11 cl Lcl. 188 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES Plate 1. Austroclavus clifdenensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 8.4 x 3 mm Austroclavus marshalli n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 9 x 3.1 mm Austroclavus finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 8.1 x 3 mm Austroclavus awakinoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Awakino Gorge (Awamoan). 6.5 x 2.4 mm. Aoteadrillia finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) Petane (Nukumaruan). 12.1 x 4.6 mm. Aoteadrillia bisecta n.sp. (Holotype) Petane (Nukumaruan). 11.8 x 4 mm. Mauidrillia supralaevis n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 10 x 4.1 mm. Mauidrillia imparilirata n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian) 6.8 x 3 mm. Mauidrillia angustata n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 9.5 x 3.4 mm. Mauidrillia unilirata n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 7.5 x 3.2 mm. Mauidrillia inaequalis n.sp. (Holotype) Otiake (Waitakian). 16x4 mm. Mauidrillia clavicula n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 8.25 x 3.1 mm. Plate 2. Splendrillia debilis Finlay, 1927 (Holotype = parva Suter, 1908) Recent, Cuvier Id. 37 fath. 8 x 3.5 mm. Splendrillia clifdenensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden, 7c. (Awamoan). 6.8 x 2.7 mm. Splendrillia edita n.sp. (Holotype) Petane (Nukumaruan). 15.7 x 5.3.mm. Splendrillia otagoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Oamaru, 50 fath. 7.6 x 3 mm. Syntomodrillia (Hauturua) vivens n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Little Barrier Id. 20 fath 9.9 x 3.3 mm. Syntomodrillia waiauensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 5.5 x 2.3 mm. Aoteadrillia thomsoni n.sp. (Holotype) Marlborough (Waitotaran) 7.6. (canal missing) x 5 mm. Aoteadrillia otagoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Otago Heads, 50 fath. 8.2 x 3 mm. Microdrillia pakaurangia n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 8.75 x 3.5 mm. Antimelatoma benthicola n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, off Otago Heads. 14.4 x 5 mm. Antimelatoma ahiparana n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Ahipara, 23 fath. 12.7 x 4.4 mm. Plate 3. Inquisitor awamoaensis (Hutton, 1873) Blue Cliffs (Awamoan). 19 x 5.5 mm. Inquisitor waihaoensis n.sp. (Holotype) McCullough's Bridge (Tahuian). 33.7 x 9 mm. Pseudoinquisitor problematicus n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 21.8 x 6.1 mm. Austrotoma clifdenica n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6b. (Hutchinsonian). 36.7 x 15.2 mm Austrotoma echinata n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 18.7 x 10.2 mm. Austrotoma cryptoconoidea n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden (E. side B.) (Hutchinsonian). 36.25 x 16.3 mm. Austrotoma gemmulata n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 7c. (Hutchinsonian). 31.5 x 14 mm. Austrotoma lawsi n.sp. (Holotype) Blue Cliffs (Awamoan). 27.6 x 12 mm. Austrotoma kaiparaensis n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 36.25 x 15.75 mm. Notogenota finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) McCullough's Bridge (Tahuian). 32.3 x 12 mm. Marshallaria waitakiensis n.sp. (Holotype) Otiake (Waitakian). 30.8 x 14 mm. Plate 4. Eoscobinella tahuia n.sp. (Holotype) McCullough's Bridge (Tahuian). 17.4 x 4.5 mm. Borsonia clifdenensis Finlay, 1930 (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 9 x 3.8 mm. . x Cryptodaphne pseudodrillia n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 6 x 2.1 mm. x q Tahudrillia simplex n.sp. (Holotype) McCullough's Bridge (Tahuian). * Mitrithara sutherlandica n.sp. (Holotype) Sutherland's (Awamoan) 6 x2.1 mm Zemacies armata n.sp. (Holotype) Waihao Downs (Bortonian). 37.7 incomp x 14.5 mm. _ 9 Maoridaphne haroldi n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan) 5.J x 2.z mm. Puha sinusigera n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 5.1 x 2. mm. Maoritomella pukeuriensis n.sp. Pukeuri (Awamoan). 9 x 3.5 mm. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 1 1 Fig. 1. Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig- 1 . Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig- 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10. Fig. 1 1 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Maoritomella annosa n.sp. Otiake (Waitakian). 7x3 mm. Maoritomella sola n.sp. Blue Cliffs (Awamoan). 9.1 x 3.5 mm. Plate 5. Maorimorpha secundo n.sp. (Holotype) 72 fath. Cape Saunders, Otago.4.6 x 1.7 mm. Vexiguraleus clifdenensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6b. (Hutchinsonian). 5.2 x 2.3 mm. Neoguraleus nukumaruensis n.sp. (Holotype) Nukumaru (Nukumaruan). 7.2 x 3.3 mm. Liracraea odhneri n.sp. (Holotype) Tryphena 6 fath. Gt. Barrier Id. 7.8 x 3.2 mm. Liracraea otakauica n.sp. (Holotype) 60 fath. Otago Heads. 7.8 x 2.75 mm. Liracraea subantarctica n.sp. (Holotype) 50 fath. Bounty Is. 7.1 x 2.5 mm. Anacithara finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 7c. (Awamoan). 4.35 x 2.3 mm. Anacithara clifdenica n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 4b. (Hutchinsonian). 4.9 x 2.3 .mm. Anacithara axialis (Marshall, 1918) (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 6.4 x 2.8 mm. Anacithara errabunda n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden (East side A) (Hutchinsonian). 8.7 x 3.5 mm. Anacithara nana n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 7a. (Awamoan). 4.65 x 2.27 mm. Plate 6. Neoguraleus Sinclair! (Gillies) Recent, Moeraki, South Id. 9.25 x 3.75 mm. Neoguraleus whangaroaensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Whangaroa. 8 x 3.5 mm. Neoguraleus benthicola n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Oamaru, 50 fath. 8.1 x 3 mm. Neoguraleus manukauensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Manukau Harb. 12.5 x 5 mm. Neoguraleus sandersonae n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Whangaroa. 9.4 x 4 mm. Neoguraleus interruptus n.sp (Holotype) Recent, Mercury Bay. 8.25 x 4.25 mm. Neoguraleus oruaensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Orua Bay, Manukau Harb. 9.7 x 4 mm. Neoguraleus finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Dunedin Harb. 10.25 x 4 mm. Neoguraleus murdochi (Finlay) Recent, Stewart Id. 9 x 3.6 mm. Plate 7. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) subobsoletus n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 6.4 x 2.5 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) granulatus n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6a. (Hutchinsonian). 5.05 x 1.9 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) major n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 1 5.6 x 5 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) leptosomus (Hutton) (Paratype) White Rock River (Awamoan). 5.8 x 2 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) flexicostatus n.sp. (Holotype) Pareora (Awamoan). 11.1 x 4 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) rigidus n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian) 4.7 x 2 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) marwicki n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 7a. (Awamoan). 5.8 x 2.4 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) laws! n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 9x3 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) mancus n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 6.2 x 2.7 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) nutans n.sp. (Holotype) Otiake (Waitakian). 6.5 x 2.7 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) porrectus n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 7.8 x 2.8 mm. Plate 8. Antiguraleus subtruncatus n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Oamaru 50 fath. 6.8 x 3.2 mm. Antiguraleus abnormis (Hutton) (Topotype) Petane (Nukumaruan). 5.4 x 2.8 mm. Antiguraleus rossianus n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Auckland Is. 95 fath. 4.3 x 1.8 mm. Antiguraleus otagoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Oamaru, 50 fath. 6x3 mm. Antiguraleus pedicus n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Snares Is., 50 fath. 5.7 x 2.3 mm. Antiguraleus fenestratus n.sp. (Holotype) Recent, Poor Knights Is., 60 fath. 5.4 x 2.3 mm. Antiguraleus deceptus n.sp. (Holotype) Petane (Nukumaruan). 6.1 x 3 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) raricostatus n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 8 x 2.7 mm. \ Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 1, Fig. 2 Fig. 3, Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 1 1 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) platycostatus n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 5.9 x 2.2 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) exsculptus n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 4.5 x 2 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) angustatus n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 8a. (Awamoan). 4.7 x 1.8 mm. Plate 9. Etremopsis quadrispiralis n.sp. (Holotype) Dyer's Run (Awamoan). 8 x 3.4 mm. Etremopsis oamarutica n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 5.9 x 2.5 mm. Etremopsis aequisculpta n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 7 x 3.1 mm. Etremopsis haroldi n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 6 x 2.2 mm. Etremopsis latiapex n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 6 x 2.8 mm. Etremopsis carinapex n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 4 x 1.65 mm. Etremopsis erecta n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 6.4 x 2.7 mm. Etremopsis elata n.sp. (Holotype) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 5.1 x 2.15 mm. Etremopsis clifdenica n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 4.4 x 2.2 mm. Etremopsis compta n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden (E. side B.) (Hutchinsonian). 5.5 x 2.4 mm. Neoguraleus (Fusiguraleus) sutherlandicus n.sp. Sutherland's (Awamoan). 8 x 2.7 mm. Neoguraleus deceptus n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 6 x 2.3 mm. Plate 10. Paracomitas castlecliffensis (Marshall & Murdoch, 1919) (Topotype) Castleclift (Castlecliffian). 15 x 5.75 mm. Eubela awakinoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Awakino Gorge (Awamoan). 5.2 x 2.1 mm. Etrema kaipara n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 6.7 x 3 mm. Austrodrillia (Regidrillia) sola n.sp. (Holotype) 100 fath. Three Kings Is. 10.3 x 4.7 mm. Comitas (Carinacomitas) subcarinapex n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 10.5 x 4 mm. Comitas allani n.sp. (Holotype) Devil's Elbow, Hawke's Bay (Nukumaruan) 26.75 x 10 mm. Insolentia elegantula n.sp. (Holotype) Dyer's Run (Awamoan). 14.15 x 4.7 mm. Phenatoma precursor n.sp. (Holotype) Napier (Nukumaruan). 21.3 x 8.3 mm. Phenatoma lawsi n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 9 x 4.8 mm. Cryptoconus n.sp. " Island sandstone " Waihao River (Bortonian). 25.4 x 1 1.7 mm. Anticomitas vivens n.sp. (Holotype) 140 fath. Three Kings Is. 9.5 x 4.1 mm. Plate 11. Awateria thomsoni n.sp. (Holotype) Starborough Creek (Waitotaran). 7.5 x 3.6 mm. Awateria echinata n.sp. (Holotype) Mahia (N.W.) S.D., Wairoa (top of Opoitian ?). 4x2 mm. Awateria personata n.sp. (Holotype) Taramarama (S.W.) S.D., Wairoa (Opoitian). 7 x 4.1 mm. Awateria mollyae King, 1933 (Holotype) E. of Lake Ferry Palliser Bay (Nukumaruan). 11x5 mm. (Apex missing). Awateria marwicki n.sp. (Holotype) Poiti (N.E.) S.D., Wairoa (" Mapiri " = Taranakian). 5.2 x 3 mm. Awateria wairoaensis n.sp. (Holotype) W. of mouth of Wairoa River (Waitotaran;. 1 0 x 4.5 mm. Awateria defossa n.sp. (Holotype) Poiti (N.E.) S.D., Wairoa ("Mapiri = Taranakian). 6.25 x 3.8 mm. Scrinium thomsoni n.sp. (Holotype) Starborough Creek (Waitotaran). 15 x 7.5 mm. Scrinium finlayi n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 7 x 2.75 mm. Turridrupa maoria n.sp. (Holotype) Ngatapa S.D. (Mapiri = Taranakian). 5.3 x 2.25 mm. Rugobela nodulosa n.sp. (Holotype) All Day Bay Otepopo S.D. (Awamoan). 12 x 5.1 mm. Mitrithara barrierensis n.sp. (Holotype) 20 fath. Little Barrier Id. 7x3 mm. Mitrithara waitakiensis n.sp. (Holotype) Otiake (Waitakian). 9 x 3.5 mm. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 1 1. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. IK Fig. 12. Plate 12. Splendrillia lincta n.sp. (Holotype) Waiou S.D (Opoitian) 1 7.9 x 6.8 mm. Splendrillia armata n.sp. (Holotype) Amun-Koikoura (Nukumaruan). 14.75 x 6 mm. Splendrillto^omala n.sp. (Holotype) Costlecliff (Castlecliffion). 10.8 x 4.4 mm. Splendrillia cristata n.sp. (Holotype) Amuri-Kaikouro (Nukumaruan 12 x 4 5 mm. Splendrillia onnectens n.sp. (Holotype) Costlecliff (Castlechffion). 4.4 x 5.6 mm. Splendrillia clavo n.sp. (Holotype) Donnevirke S.D (Waitotaron). 15 8 x 64 mm Mitrellatoma angustata (Hutton, 1886) n. gen. (Topotype) Petone (Nukumaruan). 10 5x4 mm. Clavatoma pulchra n. gen. & sp. (Holotype) Waiou S.D. (Opoitian). 22.5 x 8 mm. Tomopleura clifdenica n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 10.1 x 3.6 mm. Tomopleura finloyi n.sp. (Holotype) Ardgowan (Awamoan). 6.5 x 2.7 mm. Tomopleura transenno (Suter, 1917) Pukeuri (Awamoan). 10 x 3.5 mm. Tomopleura waiauensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 8a. (Awamoan). 8.1 x 3.3 mm. Aoteadrillia trifida n.sp. (Holotype) Waipawa S.D. (Lr. Nukumaruan). 8 x 2.9 mm. Antoadrillia walhuaensis n.sp. (Holotype) Wairoa S.D. (Waitotaron). 8.9 x 3.4 Plate 13. Micantapex murdochi (Finlay, 1930) (Topotype) Petane, Hawke's Bay (Nukumaruan). 28.5 x 12 mm. Micantapex paucispiralis n.sp. (Holotype) Makara Stream, Wairarapa (Lr. Nuku¬ maruan). 20.4 x 8 mm. Micantapex finlayi Powell, 1940 (Holotype) 110 fath. Great Barrier Id. 1 4.35 x 7 mm. Micantapex proavitus n.sp. (Holotype) Motuotaraia (N.W.) S.D. (Waitotaron). 1 8.75 x 9 mm. Micantapex discors n.sp. (Holotype) Wairoa River (Waitotaron). 25.1 x 10.5 mm. (Estimated 1 1 mm.) Lirasyrinx anomala n. gen. & sp. (Holotype) Wharekuri (Duntroonian). 7.1 x 4.6 mm. (Canal missing). Comitas latescens (Hutton, 1873) (Holotype) Mt. Brown (Hutchinsonian). 20.4 x 10 mm. (Apex missing). Maoritomella robusta n.sp. (Holotype) Woodville (N.E.) S.D. (Nukumaruan 15.1 x 6 mm. Maoritomella pagodula n.sp. (Holotype) Tahoraite (S.W.) S.D. Dannevirke (Upper Waitotaron). 12 x 5.6 mm. Aoteadrillia rawitensis (Hedley, 1922) (Neotype) Aurere, Doubtless Bay. 1 1.4 x 5 mm. Neoguraleus waihuaensis n.sp. (Holotype) Wairoa S.D. (Waitotaron). 6.4 x 2.4 mm. Gemmula lawsi n.sp. (Holotype) Pakaurangi Point (Hutchinsonian). 24.6 x 8 mm. Gemmula longwoodensis n.sp. (Holotype) Longwood S.D. Orepuki (Duntroonian). 1 0.7 x 4 mm. Gemmula clifdenensis n.sp. (Holotype) Clifden 6c. (Hutchinsonian). 18x7 mm. Plate 14. Marshallena anomala n.sp. (Holotype) Target Gully (Awamoan). 25.75 x 12.3 mm. Marshallena impar n.sp. (Holotype) Takapau (N.E.) S.D. (Up. Waitotaron). 23.75 x 10.5 mm. Marshallaria senta n.sp. (Holotype) Rifle Butts, Oamaru (Awamoan). 48.5 x 21 mm. Zemacies awakinoensis n.sp. (Holotype) Mokau River, Awakino North S.D 37.6 x 14.7 mm. Austrotoma ampla n.sp. (Holotype) Awatere (Waitotaron). 68.5 x 30 mm. Austrotoma nervosa n.sp. (Holotype) Mt. Harris (Awamoan). 44 x 1 5 mm. Waitara pagodula n.sp. (Holotype) Uawa S.D. Gisborne (Urenuian or Opoitian) 32 x 23 mm. Waitara liratulo r sp (Paratype) Taramarama (S.W.) S.D. Wairoa (Opoitian) 17.5 x 16 mm spire only). Cosmasyrinx semi Is rat a n.sp. (Holotype) Longwood S.D. Orepuki (Duntroonian) 13 x 5.8 mm. Scrinium sandersonae Bucknill, 1927 (Holotype) Matauri Bay, Whangaroa. 12.5 x 6.5 mm. Nepotilla finlayi Powell 1937 (Holotype) off Three Kings Is. 260 metres. 2.2 x 1.4 mm. Stilla paucicostata Powell, 1937 (Holotype) off Three Kings Is. 260 metres. 1.7 x 0.95 mm. Plate 1 u i Plate 2. A I Plate 3 I Plate 4. Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8. r % Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 c V wt Plate 12 r Plate 13. Plate 14